المعرفة

توپوليف تو-154

(تم التحويل من توپوليف تي‌يو-154)

The Tupolev Tu-154 (روسية: Tyполев Ту-154; NATO reporting name: Careless) is a three-engine medium-range narrow-body airliner designed in the mid-1960s and manufactured by Tupolev. A workhorse of Soviet and (subsequently) Russian airlines for several decades, it carried half of all passengers flown by Aeroflot and its subsidiaries (137.5 million/year or 243.8 billion passenger km in 1990), remaining the standard domestic-route airliner of Russia and former Soviet states until the mid-2000s. It was exported to 17 non-Russian airlines and used as head-of-state transport by the air forces of several countries.

Tu-154
Polish Air Force Tupolev Tu-154 Dmitry Karpezo-2.jpg
Tupolev Tu-154M in Polish Air Force livery
الدور Narrow-body jet airliner
دولة المنشأ Soviet Union/Russia
الصانع Tupolev
المصمم Tupolev Design Bureau
أول تحليق 4 أكتوبر 1968; منذ 55 سنة (1968-10-04
التقديم 7 February 1972 with Aeroflot
الوضع In limited service
المستخدم الرئيسي Russian Air Force
People's Liberation Army Air Force
ALROSA
Gazpromavia
المنتـَج 1968–2013[1]
العدد المنتج 1,026
تنويعات Tupolev Tu-155

With a cruising speed of 975 kilometres per hour (606 mph), the Tu-154 is one of the fastest civilian aircraft in use and has a range of 5,280 kilometres (3,280 mi). Capable of operating from unpaved and gravel airfields with only basic facilities, it was widely used in the extreme Arctic conditions of Russia's northern/eastern regions where other airliners were unable to operate. Originally designed for a 45,000 hr service life (18,000 cycles) but capable of 80,000 hrs with upgrades, it is expected to continue in service until 2016, although noise regulations have restricted flights to western Europe and other regions.

In January 2010, Russian flag carrier Aeroflot announced the retirement of its Tu-154 fleet after 40 years, with the last scheduled flight being Aeroflot Flight 736 from Ekaterinburg to Moscow on 31 December 2009.[2]

Since 1968 there have been 39 fatal incidents involving the Tu-154, most of which were caused either by factors unrelated to the aircraft, or by its extensive use in demanding conditions.[3][4]

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Development

 
Tu-154 for Russian Ministry of Defence Manufacturing, 2009. One of several airframes built in the 1990s and left unsold

The Tu-154 was developed to meet Aeroflot's requirement to replace the jet-powered Tu-104, the Antonov An-10 and the Ilyushin Il-18 turboprops. The requirements called for either a payload capacity of 16–18 tonnes (35,000–40,000 lb) with a range of 2,850–4,000 kilometres (1,770–2,490 mi) while cruising at 900 km/h (560 mph), or a payload of 5.8 tonnes (13,000 lb) with a range of 5,800–7,000 kilometres (3,600–4,300 mi) while cruising at 850 km/h (530 mph). A take-off distance of 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) at maximum take-off weight was also stipulated as a requirement. Conceptually similar to the British Hawker Siddeley Trident, which first flew in 1962, and the American Boeing 727, which first flew in 1963, the medium-range Tu-154 was marketed by Tupolev at the same time as Ilyushin was marketing the long-range Ilyushin Il-62. The Soviet Ministry of Aircraft Industry chose the Tu-154 as it incorporated the latest in Soviet aircraft design and best met Aeroflot's anticipated requirements for the 1970s and 1980s.[5]

The first project chief was Sergey Yeger; in 1964, Dmitryi S. Markov assumed that position. In 1975, the project lead role was turned over to Aleksandr S. Shengardt.[6]


Operators

Current operators

 
Atlant-Soyuz Airlines Tu-154M
 
Russian Air Force Tu-154B-2
 
Slovak Government Flying Service Tu-154M
 
Azerbaijan Airlines Tu-154M
 
Kyrgyzstan Government Tu-154M
 
Belavia Tu-154M
 
Bulgarian Air Charter Tu-154M

As of December 2016, there are 49[7] Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft of all variants still in civil or military service. The remaining operators are:[7]

Airline In service Notes
  Air Koryo 2
  ALROSA 4
  Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1
  Federal Security Service 2
  Gromov Flight Research Institute 1
  People's Liberation Army Air Force 7+ At least 7, might be up to 12–14 in service. 6 of them are of ELINT versions and 6–8 of them are airliners
  Russian Air Force 16
  Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs 4 Operated for the government
  Russian Navy 2
  Slovak Government Flying Service 1 Operated for the government
  Yuri A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center 1
Total: 52

As of 20 February 2011, in Iran, all the remaining numbers of the Tu-154 were grounded after two recent incidents.[8][9]

Former operators

Former civil operators

  Afghanistan
  ألبانيا
  أرمنيا
  أذربيجان
  بلاروس
  البوسنة والهرسك
  بلغاريا
  الصين
  كوبا
  التشيك
  تشيكوسلوفاكيا
  جيبوتي
  مصر
  جورجيا
  المجر
  إيران
  قزخستان
  قيرغيزستان
  ليبيا
  مقدونيا
  مولدوڤا
  منغوليا
  نيكاراگوا
  پاكستان
  بولندا
  رومانيا
  • Government of Romania
  • TAROM
  روسيا
  سلوفاكيا
  الصومال
  سوريا
  طاجيكستان
  تركيا
  أوكرانيا
  أوزبكستان
  اليمن


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Former military operators

 
Polish military VIP transport Tu-154M Lux aircraft from the dissolved 36th Special Air Transport Regiment. This one crashed in heavy fog at Smolensk North Airport on April 10, 2010, killing all occupants, including the Polish President
  أرمنيا
Armenian Air Force
  بلغاريا
Bulgarian Air Force One 154B retired 1988; one 154M retired April 2010, replaced by A319 CFM
  كوبا
Cuban Air Force
  تشيكوسلوفاكيا
Czechoslovak Air Force (passed on to successor states)
  التشيك
Czech Air Force (replaced by Airbus A319CJ)
  ألمانيا الشرقية
East German Air Force (passed on to FRG)
  ألمانيا
German Air Force (taken over from East Germany; 1 lost in mid-air collision, the other one sold)
  منغوليا
Mongolian Air Force
  بولندا
Polish Air Force – 1 Tu-154M was retired in 2011, 1 Tu-154M crashed in 2010.
  الاتحاد السوڤيتي
Soviet Air Force (passed on to successor states)
  ترکمنستان
Military of Turkmenistan – 2 Tu-154B-2 retired
  أوكرانيا
Ukrainian Air Force
  أوزبكستان
Military of Uzbekistan

Incidents and accidents

Between 1970 and January 2011 there have been 110 serious incidents involving the Tu-154,[12] and 69 hull losses, 30 of which did not involve fatalities.[13] Of the fatal incidents, five resulted from terrorist or military action (two other war-time losses were non fatal), several from poor runway conditions in winter (including one in which the airplane struck snow plows on the runway), cargo overloading in the lapse of post-Soviet federal safety standards, and mid-air collisions due to faulty air traffic control. Other incidents resulted from mechanical problems (two cases prior to 2001), running out of fuel on unscheduled routes, pilot errors (including inadequate flight training for new crews), and cargo fires; several accidents remain unexplained.


List

Date Tail number Aircraft type Location Fatalities Description Refs
19 February 1973 CCCP-85023 Tu-154  Ruzyne International Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&066.&&&&&066/100 Aeroflot Flight 141 crashed 467 m (1,532 ft) short of the runway; the cause was not determined. [14]
7 May 1973 CCCP-85030 Tu-154  Vnukovo Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/6 Force-landed during a training flight following loss of engine power and severe vibrations after the aircraft took off with the inner spoilers deployed. [15]
10 July 1974 SU-AXB Tu-154  Cairo International Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&&&&&06/6 Stalled and crashed during a training flight. [16]
30 September 1975 HA-LCI Tu-154A  Beirut &&&&&&&&&&&&&060.&&&&&060/60 Malév Flight 240 crashed in the sea on final approach in clear weather, allegedly shot down by one or two air-to-air missiles fired by either IDF or SDF forces. [17]
1 June 1976 CCCP-85102 Tu-154A  Bioko &&&&&&&&&&&&&046.&&&&&046/46 Aeroflot Flight 418 crashed into a mountain on final approach; radar failure was blamed. [18]
1976 CCCP-85020 Tu-154  Kiev &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00 Rough landing, written off. This aircraft is now in the Ukraine Government Museum of Aviation. [19]
2 December 1977 LZ-BTN Tu-154A   near Benghazi &&&&&&&&&&&&&059.&&&&&059/165 Crashed due to fuel exhaustion while searching for an alternate airport after diverting due to fog. The aircraft was leased from Balkan Bulgarian Airlines. [20]
23 March 1978 LZ-BTB Tu-154B  near Damascus &&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.&&&&&04/4 Crashed into high ground on final approach. [21]
19 May 1978 CCCP-85169 Tu-154B  near Maksatikha &&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.&&&&&04/134 Aeroflot Flight 6709 crashed in a field after all three engines failed after the flight engineer accidentally shut off the automatic transferring of fuel of the sump tank. [22]
1 March 1980 CCCP-85103 Tu-154A  Orenburg Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/161 Landed hard and broke in two after the crew deviated from the glide path while on approach. [23]
8 July 1980 CCCP-85355 Tu-154B-2  Alma-Ata &&&&&&&&&&&&0166.&&&&&0166/166 Aeroflot Flight 4225 stalled and crashed on climb out after entering a downdraft. This accident remains the worst in Kazakhstan. [24]
7 August 1980 YR-TPH Tu-154B-1  Nouadhibou Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.&&&&&01/168 Ditched 300 m (980 ft) short of the runway. [25]
8 October 1980 CCCP-85321 Tu-154B-2  Chita Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/184 Landed hard after coming in too high. [26]
13 June 1981 CCCP-85029 Tu-154  Bratsk Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00 Overran the runway on landing and broke in two. [27]
21 October 1981 HA-LCF Tu-154B  Ruzyne Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/81 Malev Flight 641 crashed on the runway and broke in two after deploying the spoilers at low altitude following a too-high approach. [28]
16 November 1981 CCCP-85480 Tu-154B-2  Norilsk Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&099.&&&&&099/167 Aeroflot Flight 3603 crashed 470 m short of runway due to overloading and crew error. [29]
11 October 1984 CCCP-85243 Tu-154B-1  Omsk Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&0178.&&&&&04+174/179 Aeroflot Flight 3352 crashed after colliding with maintenance vehicles on the runway due to ATC error. ATC personnel received prison sentences of 12–15 years. This accident is the second deadliest in Soviet history and remains the deadliest on Russian soil. [30]
23 December 1984 CCCP-85338 Tu-154B-2  Krasnoyarsk Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&0110.&&&&&0110/111 Aeroflot Flight 3519 crashed following double engine failure and in-flight fire. [31]
10 July 1985 CCCP-85311 Tu-154B-2  Uchkuduk &&&&&&&&&&&&0200.&&&&&0200/200 Aeroflot Flight 7425 stalled and crashed due to crew errors and fatigue. This accident is the deadliest in Soviet history, the deadliest in Uzbekistan, and the worst-ever accident involving the Tu-154. [32]
21 May 1986 CCCP-85327 Tu-154B-2  Domodedovo &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00 Deformation of fuselage due to crew errors during flight after the crew forgot to turn on the pitot heating system. [33]
18 January 1988 CCCP-85254 Tu-154B-1  Krasnovodsk Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&011.&&&&&011/143 Broke in three following a heavy landing. [34]
8 March 1988 CCCP-85413 Tu-154B-2  Veshchevo &&&&&&&&&&&&&&09.&&&&&09/84 Aeroflot Flight 3739 was hijacked by the Ovechkin family. [35]
24 September 1988 CCCP-85479 Tu-154B-2  Aleppo Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/168 Landed hard and left the runway after encountering light turbulence on approach. [36]
13 January 1989 CCCP-85067 Tu-154S  Roberts International Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00 Overran runway and crashed following a rejected takeoff due to shifting cargo and overloading. [37]
9 February 1989 YR-TPJ Tu-154B-2  Bucharest &&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05/5 Crashed on takeoff due to engine failure during a training flight. [38]
20 October 1990 CCCP-85268 Tu-154B-2  Kutaisi Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/171 Failed to takeoff and overran runway due to overloading and center of gravity problems; written off. [39]
17 November 1990 CCCP-85664 Tu-154M  near Velichovky &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/6 Force-landed following a fire in the cargo hold and broke apart on landing. [40]
23 May 1991 CCCP-85097 Tu-154B-1  Pulkovo Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&015.&&&&&02+13/178 Landed hard short of the runway, collapsing the right landing gear and broke apart after coming in too fast in rain. [41]
14 September 1991 CU-T1227 Tu-154B-2  Benito Juarez International Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/112 Cubana Flight 464 landed too late and overran the runway due to pilot error and poor visibility. [42]
5 June 1992 LZ-BTD Tu-154B  Varna Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/130 Landed too late and overran the runway in bad weather. [43]
June 1992 RA-85282 Tu-154B-1  Bratsk Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/0 Burned out during refueling. A second Tu-154 (RA-85234) also burned out. [44][45]
20 July 1992 85222 Tu-154B  Tbilisi &&&&&&&&&&&&&028.&&&&&04+24/24 Failed to take off due to overloading and center of gravity problems, overran the runway, striking the localizer building, and ended up in a ravine. [46]
1 August 1992 YA-TAP Tu-154M   Kabul Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/0 Destroyed during a mortar attack. The aircraft had been parked at the airport for repairs following an incident three months earlier. [47]
5 September 1992 CCCP-85269 Tu-154B-1  Borispol Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/147 Emergency landing after the left main landing gear failed to extend. [48]
13 October 1992 CCCP-85528 Tu-154B-2  Vladivostok Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/67 Failed to take off and overran the runway due to overloading and center of gravity problems. [49]
5 December 1992 CCCP-85105 Tu-154A  Yerevan Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/154 Veered off the runway on landing after the pilot mistook the runway edge lights for the center line lights. [50]
9 January 1993 85533 Tu-154B-2  Indira Gandhi International Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/165 Indian Airlines Flight 840 crashed on landing after striking some installations next to the runway; the tail and right wing later separated and the aircraft came to rest upside down. The aircraft was leased from Uzbekistan Airways due to a pilot strike at Indian Airlines. [51]
8 February 1993 EP-ITD Tu-154M  near Tehran &&&&&&&&&&&&0133.&&&&&02+131/131 Mid-air collision. [52]
غير معروف Su-24
22 September 1993 85163 Tu-154B  Babusheri Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&0108.&&&&&0108/132 Shot down and crashed on the runway. The accident remains the worst in Georgia. [53]
23 September 1993 85359 Tu-154B-2  Babusheri Airport غير معروف Written off after suffering damage from mortar or artillery fire. [54]
25 December 1993 RA-85296 Tu-154B-2  Grozny Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/172 Nosegear collapsed after landing in bad weather. [55]
3 January 1994 RA-85656 Tu-154M  near Mamony &&&&&&&&&&&&0125.&&&&&01+124/124 Baikal Airlines Flight 130 crashed after an in-flight fire that started in the number two engine, caused by a starter failure. [56]
6 June 1994 B-2610 Tu-154M  Xian &&&&&&&&&&&&0160.&&&&&0160/160 China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 broke apart in mid-air and crashed shortly after takeoff due to a maintenance error. The crash remains the worst in China. [57]
21 January 1995 UN-85455 Tu-154B-2  Karachi &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/117 Failed to take off and overran the runway due to overloading. [58]
7 December 1995 RA-85164 Tu-154B  near Khabarovsk &&&&&&&&&&&&&098.&&&&&098/98 Khabarovsk United Air Group Flight 3949 crashed into a mountain following a loss of control after fuel was selected from the left wing tanks to counter a left wing-low attitude. [59]
29 August 1996 RA-85621 Tu-154M  Operafjellet &&&&&&&&&&&&0141.&&&&&0141/141 Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801 crashed into a mountain on final approach due to navigation errors. This accident remains the worst in Norway. [60]
13 September 1997 11+02 Tu-154M  off Namibia &&&&&&&&&&&&&033.&&&&&033/33 Luftwaffe Flight 074 collided in mid-air with a USAF C-141 due to pilot and ATC errors. [61][62]
65-9405 C-141
15 December 1997 EY-85281 Tu-154B-1  Sharjah &&&&&&&&&&&&&085.&&&&&085/86 Tajikistan Airlines Flight 3183 crashed in the desert due to pilot error and crew fatigue. [63]
29 August 1998 CU-T1264 Tu-154M  Quito &&&&&&&&&&&&&080.&&&&&010+70/91 Cubana de Aviación Flight 389 failed to take off and overran the runway, crashing into a soccer field. Following problems before takeoff, the crew had forgot to select the switches for the hydraulic valves of the control system. [64]
24 February 1999 B-2622 Tu-154M  Ruian &&&&&&&&&&&&&061.&&&&&061/61 China Southwest Airlines Flight 4509 lost control and crashed after incorrect nuts in the elevator control system fell off, due to improper maintenance. China removed the Tu-154 from service following this accident. [65]
4 July 2000 HA-LCR Tu-154B-2  Thessaloniki &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/76 Malév Flight 262 touched down wheels-up while landing and skidded on runway, but was able to take off and land normally after a go-around. [66]
4 July 2001 RA-85845 Tu-154M  Burdakovka &&&&&&&&&&&&0145.&&&&&0145/145 Vladivostok Air Flight 352 stalled and crashed on final approach due to pilot error. [67]
4 October 2001 RA-85693 Tu-154M Black Sea off Sochi &&&&&&&&&&&&&078.&&&&&078/78 Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 was accidentally shot down by an errant Ukrainian S-200 surface-to-air missile. [68]
12 February 2002 EP-MBS Tu-154M  near Sarab-e Do Rah &&&&&&&&&&&&0119.&&&&&0119/119 Iran Air Tours Flight 956 struck a mountain on approach. [69]
20 February 2002 EP-LBX Tu-154M  Mashhad International Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00 Landed hard, suffering substantial damage. The aircraft was ferried to Vnukovo for repairs where the nose gear collapsed while the aircraft was being towed. The aircraft was written off and used for spare parts. [70]
1 July 2002 RA-85816 Tu-154M  over Uberlingen &&&&&&&&&&&&&071.&&&&&02+69/69 Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937 collided in mid-air with DHL Flight 611 due to errors of communication between instruction from ATC and Traffic collision avoidance system. [71][72]
A9C-DHL 757-200
24 August 2004 RA-85556 Tu-154B-2  near Gluboki &&&&&&&&&&&&&046.&&&&&046/46 Sibir Airlines Flight 1047 crashed after it was bombed in mid-air by a suicide bomber, along with a Tu-134 on the same day. [73]
22 August 2006 RA-85185 Tu-154M  near Donetsk &&&&&&&&&&&&0170.&&&&&0170/170 Pulkovo Airlines Flight 612 stalled and crashed after the crew attempted to fly over a storm front. The aircraft entered turbulence and later stalled. The aircraft entered a flat spin and then struck the ground. [74]
1 September 2006 EP-MCF Tu-154M  Mashhad International Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&028.&&&&&028/148 Iran Air Tours Flight 945 suffered a mishap while landing, possibly due to a blown nose gear tire. The aircraft swerved off the runway. [75]
30 June 2008 RA-85667 Tu-154M  Pulkovo Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/112 The number one engine suffered an uncontained failure during takeoff and take off was aborted. The aircraft was parked at Pulkovo Airport after the incident and was broken up in August 2009. [76]
15 July 2009 EP-CPG Tu-154M  near Qazvin &&&&&&&&&&&&0168.&&&&&0168/168 Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 lost control and crashed following an engine fire. [77]
24 January 2010 RA-85787 Tu-154M  Mashhad International Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/170 Taban Air Flight 6437 crashed on landing after the captain declared a medical emergency due to a seriously ill passenger on board. The aircraft was leased from Kolavia. [78]
10 April 2010 101 Tu-154M  near Smolensk &&&&&&&&&&&&&096.&&&&&096/96 Crashed on final approach in thick fog on an airfield without ILS. President Lech Kaczyński and other high-ranking officials were on board and died in the crash. [79]
7 September 2010 RA-85684 Tu-154M  Izhma Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&00/81 Alrosa Mirny Air Enterprise Flight 514 made an emergency landing at remote airfield after general electrical failure at 34,800 ft, overran the small runway and sustained minor damage with no injuries. In March 2011 it was flown back to Samara for structural inspection and rehabilitation. [80][81]
4 December 2010 RA-85744 Tu-154M  Domodedovo Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.&&&&&02/170 Dagestan Airlines Flight 372 made an emergency landing after two engines failed shortly after take-off; full of fuel. Overran the runway and broke up into three. The accident investigation revealed that a crew member had mistakenly switched off a fuel transfer pump thereby causing fuel-starvation and subsequent engine flameout. [82]
1 January 2011 RA-85588 Tu-154B-2   Surgut International Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03/124 Kolavia Flight 348 caught fire while taxiing for take-off. [83]
25 December 2016 RA-85572 Tu-154   Sochi International Airport &&&&&&&&&&&&&091.&&&&&091/91 2016 Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154 crash Crashed in the Black Sea en route to Latakia, Syria. [84]


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Preserved aircraft

  • CCCP-85020 (cn 71A020) at State Aviation Museum[85]
  • CCCP-85040 (cn 73A-040) Early versions of Tu-154. Preserved at Kryvyj Rih - Aviation Institute[86]
  • EW-85581 (cn 83A-581) Tu-154B-2 preserved on the grounds of Minsk National Airport in Belarus.[87]

Specifications

[بحاجة لمصدر]

Measurement Tu-154B-2 Tu-154M
Cockpit crew Three/Four
Seating capacity 114–180
Length 48.0 metres (157 ft 6 in)
Wingspan 37.55 metres (123 ft 2 in)
Wing area 201.5 square metres (2,169 sq ft)
Height 11.4 metres (37 ft 5 in)
Maximum take-off weight 98,000 kilograms (216,000 lb) – 100,000 kilograms (220,000 lb) 102,000 kilograms (225,000 lb) – 104,000 kilograms (229,000 lb)
Empty weight 50,700 kilograms (111,800 lb) 55,300 kilograms (121,900 lb)
Maximum speed 950 km/h (510 kn)
Range fully loaded 2,500 km (1,300 nmi; 1,600 mi) 5,280 km (2,850 nmi; 3,280 mi)
Range with max fuel 3,900 km (2,100 nmi; 2,400 mi) 6,600 km (3,600 nmi; 4,100 mi)
Service ceiling 12,100 metres (39,700 ft)
Engine (x 3) Kuznetsov NK-8-2U Soloviev D-30KU-154
Max. thrust (x 3) 90 kN (20,000 lbf) each[88] 103 kN (23,148 lbf) each[88]
Max. fuel capacity 47,000 litres (10,000 imp gal; 12,000 US gal) 49,700 litres (10,900 imp gal; 13,100 US gal)

In popular culture

  • Tu-154's interior and exterior as the most common airliner appeared in many Soviet and Russian films.
  • Air Crew is the 1979 action film revolving around the exploits of a Soviet Tu-154 crew on an international flight, the first Soviet film in the disaster genre.

See also

تطورات ذات صلة

طائرات شبيهة

قوائم ذات صلة

المراجع

Citations

  1. ^ Rabinowitz, Jason (February 26, 2013). "Last Tupolev TU-154 Delivered – 16 Years After Production Ceases". Airline Reporter. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  2. ^ "Aeroflot retires the legendary TU-154s". Flight Global. 2010-01-18. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  3. ^ "Crash focuses attention on Tupolev-154". BBC News. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  4. ^ Tu-154: The backbone of Russian fleets BBC News
  5. ^ Komissarov, p. 8
  6. ^ Komissarov, pp. 5, 18
  7. ^ أ ب ch-aviation.com - Aircraft Quick Search: Tu-154 retrieved 10 June 2015
  8. ^ Iranian airlines fleet Archived سبتمبر 6, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (21 June 2011). "It Danced Once, but More Often It Crashes". New York Times.
  10. ^ BH Airlines at rzjets.net, retrieved 13-12-2014
  11. ^ "Iran unveils upgraded missile, five pieces of military hardware". Tehran Times. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  12. ^ Harro Ranter. "Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > ASN Aviation Safety Database results". Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  13. ^ Harro Ranter. "Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > ASN Aviation Safety Database results". Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  14. ^ قالب:ASN accident
  15. ^ قالب:ASN accident
  16. ^ قالب:ASN accident
  17. ^ قالب:ASN accident
  18. ^ قالب:ASN accident
  19. ^ قالب:ASN accident
  20. ^ قالب:ASN accident
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  68. ^ "After 9 Days, Ukraine Says Its Missile Hit A Russian Jet".
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  80. ^ Alrosa Tu-154 overruns after emergency landing in Russia , FlightGlobal, 2010-09-07
  81. ^ Tu-154 back in the air six months after miracle landing in taiga, RT (TV network), 2011-03-24
  82. ^ BBC News – Two dead as engine failure airliner lands in Moscow. Bbc.co.uk (2010-12-04). Retrieved on 2010-12-10.
  83. ^ Russian Passenger Jet Explodes; 3 Dead. Cbsnews.com (2011-01-01).
  84. ^ http://www.presstv.com/Detail/2016/12/25/503340/Russia-military-plane-Tu154-
  85. ^ "Photos: Tupolev Tu-154 Aircraft Pictures". Airliners.net. 2006-06-08. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  86. ^ "Photo Aeroflot Tupolev TU-154 CCCP-85040". Planepictures.net. 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  87. ^ "A photo of the plane". jetphotos.net. 2014-06-21. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  88. ^ أ ب Originally measured as 10,500 kgf.

Bibliography

  • Dmitriy Komissarov, Tupolev Tu-154, The USSR's Medium-Range Jet Airliner, (Hinckley, UK, 2007) ISBN 1857802411
  • Yefin Gordon and Vladimir Rigmant, OKB Tupolev, A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft, translated by Alexander Boyd, edited by Dmitriy Komissarov (Hinckley, UK, 2005) ISBN 1-85780-214-4

وصلات خارجية

 
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