اللورد الأول للأدميرالية
| First Lord the Admiralty | |
|---|---|
.svg&filetimestamp=20110711203324&) | |
| Department of the Admiralty | |
| الوضع | Abolished |
| عضو | Board of Admiralty Cabinet |
| يرأسه | Prime Minister |
| المرشـِّح | Prime Minister |
| المعيـِّن | Prime Minister Subject to formal approval by the King-in-Council |
| طول المدة | Not fixed typically 3–7 years |
| التشكل | 1628 |
| أول شاغل | The 1st Earl of Portland |
| آخر شاغل | The 2nd Earl Jellicoe |
| ألغي | 1964 |
First Lord of the Admiralty,[1] or formally the Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty,[2] was the title of the political head of the English and later British Royal Navy. He was the government's senior adviser on all naval affairs, responsible for the direction and control of the Admiralty, and also of general administration of the Naval Service of the Kingdom of England, Great Britain in the 18th century, and then the United Kingdom, including the Royal Navy, the Royal Marines, and other services. It was one of the earliest known permanent government posts. Apart from being the political head of the Naval Service the post holder was simultaneously the pre-eminent member of the Board of Admiralty. The office of First Lord of the Admiralty existed from 1628 until it was abolished when the Admiralty, Air Ministry, Ministry of Defence and War Office were all merged to form the new Ministry of Defence in 1964. Its modern-day equivalent is the Secretary of State for Defence.
History
In 1628, during the reign of Charles I, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Lord High Admiral of England, was assassinated and the office was placed in commission, under the control of a Board of Commissioners.
The first such First Lord of the Admiralty was Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland, who was appointed in 1628. The First Lord was not always a permanent member of the board until the Admiralty Department was established as an official government department in 1709[3] with the First Lord as its head; it replaced the earlier Office of the Admiralty and Marine Affairs.[4] During most of the 17th century and the early 18th century, it was not invariable for the Admiralty to be in commission, so there are gaps in the list of First Lords, and a small number of First Lords were for a time Lord High Admiral.
After the Glorious Revolution, during the reign of William and Mary, Parliament passed the Admiralty Act 1690 (2 Will. & Mar. Sess. 2. c. 2), vesting in the commissioners the powers formerly held by the Lord High Admiral of England.[5] and at this point became a permanent Cabinet position.
The Admiralty Commission was dissolved in 1701, but was reconstituted in 1709 on the death of Prince George of Denmark,[3] who had been appointed Lord High Admiral. The office has been held in commission from that time onwards, however, except for a short period (1827–28) when the Duke of Clarence was Lord High Admiral. The Board of the Admiralty comprised a number of "Lords Commissioners" headed by a First Lord.[5]
From the early 1800s the post was always held by a civilian[6] (previously flag officers of the Royal Navy also held the post). In 1832 First Lord Sir James Graham instituted reforms and amalgamated the Board of Admiralty and the Navy Board. By the provisions of the Admiralty Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 40), two lords in committee could legalise any action of the board.[7]
In 1868 Prime Minister, William Gladstone appointed Hugh Childers First Lord, who would introduce a new system at the Admiralty. However these changes restricted communication between the board members who were affected by these new regulations, and the sittings of the Board were discontinued altogether. This situation described was further exacerbated by the disaster of إتشإمإس Captain in 1870, a poorly-designed new vessel for the navy.
The responsibility and powers of the First Lord of the Admiralty were laid down by an Order in Council dated 14 January 1869,[8] and a later Order (19 March 1872) made the First Lord responsible to the Sovereign and to Parliament for all the business of the Admiralty. However, by describing the Lords of the Admiralty as the "assistants" of the First Lord,[9] and by specifically defining their duties, this had, in fact, partially disabled the collective power of the Board.
In 1931, for the first time since 1709, the First Lord was not a member of the cabinet.[10]
In 1946, the three posts of Secretary of State for War, First Lord of the Admiralty, and Secretary of State for Air became formally subordinated to that of Minister of Defence, which had itself been created in 1940 for the co-ordination of defence and security issues.
In 1964, the office of First Lord of the Admiralty was abolished, the last holder being George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe, whose father, Admiral of the Fleet John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, had served as First Sea Lord nearly 50 years earlier. The functions of the Lords Commissioners were then transferred to an Admiralty Board, which forms part of the tri-service Defence Council of the United Kingdom.
قالب:Principal political leaders of the British Armed Forces
List of First Lords of the Admiralty
First Lords of the Admiralty of England (1628–1701)
| First Lord of the Admiralty | Term of office | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Richard Weston 1st Earl of Portland[Note 1][11] |
1628 | 1635 |
|
Robert Bertie 1st Earl of Lindsey[12] |
1635 | 1636 |
|
William Juxon Bishop of London (1582–1663)[13] |
1636 | 1638 |
|
Algernon Percy 10th Earl of Northumberland[Note 2][13] |
1642 | 1643 |
|
Francis Cottington 1st Baron Cottington[13] |
1643 | 1646 |
|
Prince Rupert of the Rhine[14] | 1673 | 1679 |
|
Sir Henry Capell MP for Tewkesbury[15] |
1679 | 1681 |
|
Daniel Finch 2nd Earl of Nottingham[16] |
1681 | 1684 |
,_1st_Earl_of_Torrington.jpg&filetimestamp=20251215170634&)
|
Arthur Herbert 1st Earl of Torrington[Note 3][17] |
1689 | 1690 |
|
Thomas Herbert 8th Earl of Pembroke[18] |
1690 | 1692 |
|
Charles Cornwallis 3rd Baron Cornwallis[19] |
1692 | 1693 |
|
|
Anthony Cary 5th Viscount Falkland[20] |
1693 | 1694 |
|
Edward Russell 1st Earl of Orford[21] |
1694 | 1699 |
|
John Egerton 3rd Earl of Bridgewater[22] |
1699 | 1701 |
|
|
Thomas Herbert 8th Earl of Pembroke[23] |
1701 | 1702 |
Senior Members of the Lord High Admiral's Council (1702–1709)
| Senior Member | Term of office | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Sir George Rooke[24] | 1702 | 1705 |
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|
Sir David Mitchell[24] | 1705 | 1708 |
|
|
David Wemyss 4th Earl of Wemyss[24] |
1708 | 1709 |
First Lords of the Admiralty of Great Britain (1709–1801)
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First Lords of the Admiralty of the United Kingdom (1801–1964)
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From 1 April 1964, Queen Elizabeth II assumed the title of Lord High Admiral. Ministerial responsibility for the Royal Navy was transferred to the newly created Secretary of State for Defence.[49]
Notes:
- ^ Baron Weston from 1628, created Earl of Portland in 1633.
- ^ Lord High Admiral 1638–1642.
- ^ Lord High Admiral 1689.
- ^ MP for Portsmouth until 1734; MP for Westminster from 1734.
- ^ As Lord High Admiral .
- ^ MP for Cumberland until 1832; MP for East Cumberland from 1832
- ^ MP for Oswestry
- ^ MP for Evesham until 1935; thereafter created Viscount Monsell.
- ^ MP for Hereford until 1955; thereafter created Viscount Cilcennin.
Boards, departments and offices under the First Lord
- Admiralty and Marine Affairs Office (1628–1709)
- Admiralty Department (1709–1964)
- Board of Admiralty (1628–1964)
- Navy Board (1628–1832)
- Sick and Hurt Board (1653–1806)
- Transport Board (1690–1724, 1794–1817)
- Victualling Board (1683–1832)
- Office of the Civil Lord of the Admiralty
- Office of the Senior Naval Lord (1689–1771)
- Office of the First Naval Lord (1771–1904)
- Office of the First Sea Lord (1904–1917)
- Office of the First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff (1917–1964)
- Office of the Private Secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty (1800–1910)
- Office of the Naval Secretary (1910–1964)
- Office of the Secretary to the Admiralty (1660–1763)
- Office of the First Secretary to the Admiralty (1763–1871)
- Office of the Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty (1871–1886)
- Office of the Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty (1886–1959)
- Office of the Permanent Secretary to the Admiralty (1882–1964)
Fictional First Lords
The "Radical" First Lord, and a major character, in Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), is Sir Joseph Henry Porter. W. S. Gilbert wrote to Arthur Sullivan he did not intend to portray the real-life then First Lord, the bookseller and newsagent W. H. Smith, a Conservative,[50] although some of the public, including Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (who later referred to Smith as "Pinafore Smith"), identified Porter with him.[51] The counterparts shared a known lack of naval background. It has been suggested the character was drawn on Smith's actual "Radical" predecessor of 1868–71, Hugh Childers.[52]
References
- ^ Eberle, Sir James (2007). Wider horizons: naval policy & international affairs (in الإنجليزية). Roundtuit Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 9781904499176.[dead link]
- ^ Pryde, E. B. (23 فبراير 1996). Handbook of British Chronology (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. p. 135. ISBN 9780521563505.
- ^ أ ب Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy (in الإنجليزية). Stackpole Books. p. 8. ISBN 9780811732758.
- ^ Knighton, C. S.; Loades, David; Loades, Professor of History David (29 أبريل 2016). Elizabethan Naval Administration (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 9781317145035.
- ^ أ ب Hamilton, Admiral Sir. Richard. Vesey, G.C.B. (1896). Naval Administration: The Constitution, Character, and Functions of the Board of Admiralty, and of the Civil Departments it Directs. George Bell and Sons, London.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
هذا المقال يضم نصاً من هذا المصدر، الذي هو مشاع.
- ^ Constable, Archibald (1861). The Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal: ... To Be Continued Quarterly (in الإنجليزية). Austrian National Library, 4 November 2013. p. 291.
- ^ (eISB), electronic Irish Statute Book. "electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB), Admiralty Act, 1832". irishstatutebook.ie (in الإنجليزية). Government of Ireland, 2017. Retrieved 9 مارس 2017.
- ^ Hamilton, C. I. (2011). The making of the modern admiralty : British naval policy-making 1805–1927. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780521765183.
- ^ Marder, Arthur (19 يونيو 2014). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: Volume II: To The Eve of Jutland 1914–1916 (in الإنجليزية). Seaforth Publishing. p. 268. ISBN 9781848321632.
- ^ Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert (2015). The Oxford Companion to British History (in الإنجليزية). Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780199677832.
- ^ قالب:Cite DNB
- ^ قالب:Cite DNB
- ^ أ ب ت Thomas Mason, Serving God and Mammon: William Juxon, 1582–1663 (ISBN 0-87413-251-7)
- ^ Rodger, N. A. M. (2004). The Command of the Ocean (in الإنجليزية). London: Allen Lane. p. 629. ISBN 0-713-99411-8.
- ^ N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; Baetjer, Katharine (2009). British Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1575–1875 (in الإنجليزية). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 19. ISBN 9781588393487.
- ^ Phillips, G. (29 نوفمبر 2012). Rutland (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9781107696419.
- ^ Stewart, William (28 سبتمبر 2009). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present (in الإنجليزية). McFarland. p. 163. ISBN 9780786482887.
- ^ Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert (2015). The Oxford Companion to British History (in الإنجليزية). Oxford University Press. p. 714. ISBN 9780199677832.
- ^ Murray, J. (1859). Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwallis (in الإنجليزية). J. Murray. p. 2.
- ^ Fieldgate, Barrie (2007). The Captain's Steward: Falklands, 1982 (in الإنجليزية). Melrose Press. p. 305. ISBN 9781905226467.
- ^ Aldridge, David Denis (2009). Admiral Sir John Norris and the British Naval Expeditions to the Baltic Sea 1715–1727 (in الإنجليزية). Nordic Academic Press. p. 286. ISBN 9789185509317.
- ^ Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1915). The History of England: From the Accession of James the Second, Volume 6. Macmillan. p. 3018.
- ^ Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4, Admiralty Officials 1660–1870
- ^ أ ب ت Rodger, N. A. M. (2004). The Command of the Ocean (in الإنجليزية). London: Allen Lane. p. 630. ISBN 0-713-99411-8.
- ^ Childs, John (1991). The Nine Years' War and the British Army, 1688–1697: The Operations in the Low Countries (in الإنجليزية). Manchester University Press. p. 353. ISBN 9780719034619.
- ^ Winfield, Rif (10 مارس 2010). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603–1714: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates (in الإنجليزية). Seaforth Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 9781783469246.
- ^ Holmes, Geoffrey (1987). British Politics in the Age of Anne (in الإنجليزية). A&C Black. p. 541. ISBN 9780907628736.
- ^ Aldridge, David Denis (2009). Admiral Sir John Norris and the British Naval Expeditions to the Baltic Sea 1715–1727 (in الإنجليزية). Nordic Academic Press. p. 286. ISBN 9789185509317.
- ^ Stewart, William (28 سبتمبر 2009). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present (in الإنجليزية). McFarland. p. 28. ISBN 9780786438099.
- ^ Howard, Joseph Jackson; Crisp, Frederick Arthur, eds. (1898). Visitation of England and Wales. Vol. 6. p. 172.
- ^ Cunningham, George Godfrey (1853). A History of England in the Lives of Englishmen (in الإنجليزية). A. Fullarton. p. 169.
Sir Charles Wager First Lord of the Admiralty.
- ^ أ ب Sainty, J. C. "'Alphabetical list of officials: K-Z', in Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4, Admiralty Officials 1660–1870". british-history.ac.uk (in الإنجليزية). Originally published by University of London, London, 1975, pp. 135–159. Retrieved 9 مارس 2017.
- ^ Newman, Gerald; Brown, Leslie Ellen (1997). Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). Taylor & Francis. p. 619. ISBN 9780815303961.
- ^ Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke; Cates, William Leist Readwin (1872). Encyclopedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical (in الإنجليزية). Longmans, Green and Company. p. 1246.
John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich First Lord of the Admiralty 1748.
- ^ Stewart, William (28 سبتمبر 2009). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present (in الإنجليزية). McFarland. p. 9. ISBN 9780786482887.
- ^ Winfield, Rif (12 ديسمبر 2007). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates (in الإنجليزية). Seaforth Publishing. p. viii Introduction. ISBN 9781783469253.
- ^ Watson, John Steven (1960). The Reign of George III, 1760–1815 (in الإنجليزية). Clarendon Press. p. 613. ISBN 9780198217138.
- ^ Kane, Joseph Nathan; Aiken, Charles Curry (2005). The American Counties: Origins of County Names, Dates of Creation, and Population Data, 1950–2000 (in الإنجليزية). Scarecrow Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780810850361.
George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax First Lord of the Admiralty 1757.
- ^ أ ب ت Chatham.), William Pitt (1st earl of (1838). Correspondence, ed. by [W.S. Taylor and J.H. Pringle] the executors of his son John, earl of Chatham (in الإنجليزية). Oxford University. p. xxi Introduction.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Beatson, Robert (1788). A Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain and Ireland: Or, A Complete Register of the Hereditary Honours, Public Offices, and Persons in Office, from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time (in الإنجليزية). G. G. J. & J. Robinson. p. 320.
Sir Charles Saunders First Lord of the Admiralty 1757.
- ^ Watson, John Steven (1960). The Reign of George III, 1760–1815 (in الإنجليزية). Clarendon Press. p. 623. ISBN 9780198217138.
- ^ Laurens, Henry (1980). The papers of Henry Laurens (in الإنجليزية). Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780872493858.
- ^ Bandhauer, Andrea; Veber, Maria (2009). Migration and Cultural Contact: Germany and Australia (in الإنجليزية). Sydney University Press. p. 214. ISBN 9781920898632.
- ^ Haydn, Joseph (1851). The Book of Dignities: Containing Lists of the Official Personages of the British Empire ... from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time ... Together with the Sovereigns and Rulers of Europe, from the Foundation of Their Respective States; the Peerage of England and Great Britain ... (in الإنجليزية). Longmans, Brown, Green and Longmans. p. 286.
Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe First Lord of the Admiralty.
- ^ Bolton, Carol (3 يونيو 2016). Letters from England: By Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 508. ISBN 9781317242918.
- ^ Haydn, Joseph Timothy; Beatson, Robert (1851). Beatson's Political index modernised. The book of dignities; containing rolls of the official personages of the British empire, together with the sovereigns of Europe, the peerage of England and of Great Britain; and numerous other lists (in الإنجليزية). Oxford University. p. 286.
- ^ Nichols, John (1835). The Gentleman's Magazine (in الإنجليزية). E. Cave. p. 546.
John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham First Lord of the Admiralty 1783.
- ^ Hawkins, Anne (17 يونيو 2016). Letters of Seamen in the Wars with France, 1793–1815 (in الإنجليزية). Boydell & Brewer. p. 482. ISBN 9781843838968.
- ^ "No. 43288". The London Gazette. 3 أبريل 1964. p. 2895.
- ^ Jacobs, Arthur (1986). Arthur Sullivan – A Victorian Musician. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-19-282033-8.
- ^ Arthur Sullivan, A Victorian Musician. p. 115.
- ^ Matthew, H. C. G. "Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley (1827–1896)". قاموس أكسفورد للسيَر الوطنية (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5296. (Subscription or UK public library membership مطلوبة.)
Attribution
- This article contains some text from: Vesey, Richard Sir, Admiral, (1896), Naval Administration: The Constitution, Character, and Functions of the Board of Admiralty, and of the Civil Departments it Directs, George Bell and Sons, London.
Sources
- Bell, Christopher M. "Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution Reconsidered: Winston Churchill at the Admiralty, 1911–1914." War in History 18.3 (2011): 333–356. online[dead link]
- Hamilton, C. I. (2011). The Making of the Modern Admiralty: British Naval Policy-Making, 1805–1927. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521765183.
- Rodger, N. A. M., The Admiralty (Lavenham, 1979)
- Sainty, J. C. Admiralty Officials, 1660–1870 (London, 1975)
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