المعرفة

الجبال الاسكندناڤية

سلسلة الجبال الإسكندنافية أو سكاندس Scandes بالسويدية، تقع في شبه الجزيرة الإسكندنافية. شديدة الانحدار من الناحية الغربية المواجهة لبحر الشمال مشكلة ممرات النرويج البحرية الشهيرة. يشكل الجزء الشمالي من الجبال حدودا طبيعية لكل من النروج وفنلندا والسويد.

الجبال الاسكندناڤية
Scandinavian Mountains
Ahkka from Maukojaureh.jpg
جبل آكـّا في سارك، المنتزه الوطني، شمال السويد
أعلى نقطة
القمةگالدوپگن, لوم
الارتفاع2,469 m (8,100 ft) [1]
الإحداثيات61°38′11″N 08°18′45″E / 61.63639°N 8.31250°E / 61.63639; 8.31250 
الأبعاد
الطول1,700 km (1,100 mi) [2]
العرض320 km (200 mi) [2]
التسمية
الاسم المحلي[Skanderna, Fjällen, Kjølen, Köli, Skandit  (سويدية)] Error: {{Native name}}: missing language tag (help)  (language?)
الجغرافيا
Scandinavia-mountains.png
The Scandinavian Mountains
البلدانالنرويج, السويد and فنلندا
نطاق الإحداثيات65°N 14°E / 65°N 14°E / 65; 14Coordinates: 65°N 14°E / 65°N 14°E / 65; 14
قمة كبنكايسه في السويد


ارتفاع السلسلة ليس بكبير فأعلى قممها -قمة گالدوپگن Galdhøpiggen في النرويج- يصل ارتفاعها لـ 2,469 م وأعلى ارتفاع لها في السويد هي قمة كبنكايسه Kebnekaise ويصل ارتفاعها لـ 2,103 م.


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المناخ والأرض دائمة التجلد والمثالج

The climate of the Nordic countries is maritime along the coast of Norway, and much more continental in Sweden in the rain shadow of the Scandinavian Mountains. The combination of a northerly location and moisture from the North Atlantic Ocean has caused the formation of many ice fields and glaciers. In the mountains, the air temperature decreases with increasing altitude, and patches of mountain permafrost in regions with a mean annual air temperature (MAAT) of -1.5°C will be found at wind exposed sites with little snow cover during winter. Higher up, widespread permafrost may be expected at altitudes with a MAAT of -3.5°C, continuous permafrost at altitudes with a MAAT of -6.0°C.[3]


الجيولوجيا

الركيزة الجيولوجية

للمزيد من المعلومات: Scandinavian Caledonides
 
Simplified geological map of Fennoscandia. The Caledonian nappes are shown in green. Note the windows of bedrock belonging to the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt in blue. The Svecofennian and Sveconorwegian provinces are shown in yellow and salmon respectively.
 
Reconstruction showing the collision of three paleocontinents during Caledonian orogeny approximately 390 million years ago. The red line shows where the Iapetus Suture extends in the present day. Note that Scandinavian Caledonides were just one branch of the Caledonian orogeny that affected much of what is now Europe.

Most of the rocks of the Scandinavian Mountains are Caledonian, which means they were put in place by the Caledonian orogeny. Caledonian rocks overlie rocks of the much older Svecokarelian and Sveconorwegian provinces. The Caledonian rocks actually form large nappes (سويدية: skollor) that have been thrust over the older rocks. Much of the Caledonian rocks have been eroded since they were put in place, meaning that they were once thicker and more contiguous. It is also implied from the erosion that the nappes of Caledonian rock once reached further east than they do today. The erosion has left remaining massifs of Caledonian rocks and windows of Precambrian rock.[4]

أعلى الجبال

النرويج

المقالة الرئيسية: List of mountains in Norway by height

Of the 10 highest mountain peaks in Scandinavia (prominence greater than 30 m or 98 ft), six are situated in Oppland, Norway. The other four are situated in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway.

  1. 2,469 m (8,100 ft) Galdhøpiggen (Innlandet)
  2. 2,465 m (8,087 ft) Glittertind (Innlandet)
  3. 2,405 m (7,890 ft) Store Skagastølstind (Vestland)
  4. 2,387 m (7,831 ft) Store Styggedalstinden east (Vestland)
  5. 2,373 m (7,785 ft) Skarstind (Innlandet)
  6. 2,369 m (7,772 ft) Vesle Galdhøpiggen (Innlandet)
  7. 2,368 m (7,769 ft) Surtningssue (Innlandet)
  8. 2,366 m (7,762 ft) Store Memurutinden (Innlandet)
  9. 2,351 m (7,713 ft) Jervvasstind (Vestland)
  10. 2,348 m (7,703 ft) Sentraltind (Vestland)

السويد

There are 12 peaks in Sweden that reach above 2,000 m high (6,600 ft), or 13 depending on how the peaks are defined. Eight of them are located in Sarek National Park and the neighbouring national park Stora Sjöfallet. The other four peaks are located in the further north region of Kebnekaise. All mountain names are in Sami but with the more common Swedish spelling of it.

  1. 2,104 m (6,903 ft) Kebnekaise (Lappland) – Note: Altitude includes the peak glacier. If melting continues, Kebnekaise Nordtoppen, just 500 meters away, might become the highest point.
  2. 2,097 m (6,880 ft) Kebnekaise Nordtoppen (Lappland) – the highest fixed point in Sweden.
  3. 2,089 m (6,854 ft) Sarektjåkkå Stortoppen (Lappland)
  4. 2,076 m (6,811 ft) Kaskasatjåkka (Lappland)
  5. 2,056 m (6,745 ft) Sarektjåkkå Nordtoppen (Lappland)
  6. 2,043 m (6,703 ft) Kaskasapakte (Lappland)
  7. 2,023 m (6,637 ft) Sarektjåkkå Sydtoppen (Lappland)
  8. 2,016 m (6,614 ft) Akka Stortoppen (Lappland)
  9. 2,010 m (6,594 ft) Akka Nordvästtoppen (Lappland)
  10. 2,010 m (6,594 ft) Sarektjåkkå Buchttoppen (Lappland)
  11. 2,005 m (6,578 ft) Pårtetjåkka (Lappland)
  12. 2,002 m (6,568 ft) Palkatjåkka (Lappland)

Other popular mountains for skiers, climbers and hikers in Sweden

فنلندا

 
Landscape as seen from Meekonvaara (1019m) towards the highest fells
  1. 1,324 m (4,344 ft) Halti (Lappi/Lapland and Norwegian Troms)
  2. 1,317 m (4,321 ft) Ridnitsohkka (Lappi/Lapland)
  3. 1,280 m (4,200 ft) Kiedditsohkka (Lappi/Lapland)
  4. 1,240 m (4,068 ft) Kovddoskaisi (Lappi/Lapland)
  5. 1,239 m (4,065 ft) Ruvdnaoaivi (Lappi/Lapland)
  6. 1,180 m (3,871 ft) Loassonibba (Lappi/Lapland)
  7. 1,150 m (3,773 ft) Urtasvaara (Lappi/Lapland)
  8. 1,144 m (3,753 ft) Kahperusvaarat (Lappi/Lapland)
  9. 1,130 m (3,707 ft) Aldorassa (Lappi/Lapland)
  10. 1,100 m (3,608 ft) Kieddoaivi (Lappi/Lapland)


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انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ "Galdhøpiggen". Nationalencyklopedin (in السويدية). Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  2. ^ أ ب Lindström, Maurits. "fjällkedjan". Nationalencyklopedin (in السويدية). Retrieved 18 July 2010. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "ne1" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "ne1" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  3. ^ King, Lorenz (1986). "Zonation and ecology of high mountain permafrost in Scandinavia". Geografiska Annaler (in الإنجليزية). 68A (3): 131–139. doi:10.1080/04353676.1986.11880166.
  4. ^ Lundqvist, Jan; Lundqvist, Thomas; Lindström, Maurits; Calner, Mikael; Sivhed, Ulf (2011). "Fjällen". Sveriges Geologi: Från urtid till nutid (in السويدية) (3rd ed.). Spain: Studentlitteratur. pp. 323–340. ISBN 978-91-44-05847-4.
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