إفريقية
(تم التحويل من أفريقية)
إفريقية ifriqiya هو الإسم القديم لتونس وما حولها من قبل الإسلام وقبل المسيحية, أطلق العرب تسمية إفريقية على الجزء الذي فتحوه من مقاطعة أفريكا الرومانية .(المغرب الأدنى)
مقاطعة Africa Proconsularis الرومانية (أحمر) التي اِشتُقت منها إفريقية
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وهو يشمل تونس الحالية وما حولها وتضم طرابلس الغرب وأجزاء من ليبيا الحالية وأجزاء من الجزائر الحالية ومالطة بالأضافة لغالبية جزر جنوب ايطاليا.
وهو الاسم الذي عمم وأخذ منه اسم قارة إفريقيا لاحقاً.
في تونس العاصمة النادي الافريقي يستمد اسمه من الإسم التاريخي لإقليم افريقية ... حاليا جزء من دول المغرب العربي.
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قائمة الحكام
طور الفتح
- Cyrenaica and Tripolitana conquered in 643 by Amr ibn al-As, organized as new province with regional capital at Barqa; first governors uncertain.[1]
- Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj, c.665–666 — ruled from Barqa[2]
- Uqba ibn Nafi, 666–674 — conquered south Tunisia (Byzacena), founded Kairouan (670)
- Abu al-Muhajir Dinar, 674–681
- Uqba ibn Nafi, (restored), 681–683 — led cavalcade to Morocco, ostensibly brought the entire Maghreb under submission.
- Uqba killed. Arabs expelled from Byzacena, which was then occupied by Awraba Berber chieftain Kusaila, 683–686.
- Zuhayr ibn Qays, 683–689 — initially only Barqa, retook Byzacena in 686.
- Zuhayr killed. Berbers under Kahina retake Byzacena in 689. No clear Arab governor, 689–92
- Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani, 692–703 — initially only Barqa. Captured Carthage in 695 (lost again), then again in 698 (final). Permanent conquest of Ifriqiya, organized as a new province, separately from Egypt, directly under the Umayyad Caliph, with capital at Kairouan.
Umayyad Governors of Ifriqiya
- Musa ibn Nusair al-Lakhmi, 703–715
- (During conquest of Spain, Abd Allah ibn Musa was regent in Kairouan, while Musa was in al-Andalus, 712–715)
- Muhammad ibn Yazid, 715–718
- Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi al-Muhajir, 718–720
- Yazid ibn Abi Muslim, 720–721
- Muhammad ibn Yazid (restored), 721
- Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, 721–727
- Ubayda ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami, 727–32
- Uqba ibn Qudama (temporary), 732–734
- Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab al-Mausili, 734–41. (Berber Revolt begins 740)
- Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qushayri, 741
- Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri (de jure, in Córdoba) and Abd al-Rahman ibn Uqba al-Ghifari (de facto, in Kairouan), 741–42
- Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, 742–44
Fihrid Emirs of Ifriqiya
- (Independence from Caliphate: Berber statelets in Morocco; Fihrid coup d'état in Kairouan, 745)
- Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, 745–755.
- Ilyas ibn Habib al-Fihri, 755
- Habib ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, 755–57
Kharijite rulers
- (Fihrid Ifriqiya conquered by Kharijite Berbers in 757 — Sufrite Warfajuma in Kairouan, Ibadite Nafusa in Tripoli)
- Asim ibn Jamil al-Warfajumi (Sufrite), 757–758
- Abd al-Malik ibn Abi 'l-Jad al-Waranjumi (Sufrite), 758
- (Ibadites of Tripoli depose Sufrites in Kairouan, 758)
- Abu al-Khattab Abd al-Ala ibn al-Samh al-Maafiri (Ibadite), 758–760
- Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustem al-Farissi (Ibadite), 760–62
Abbasid governors in Kairouan
- Appointed governors
- Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i 762–765 (former Abbasid governor of Egypt)
- Isa ibn Yussuf al-Khurasani 765
- al-Aghlab ibn Salim at-Tamimi 765–766
- al-Hassan ibn Harb al-Kindi 766–767
- al-Mikhariq ibn Ghuffar 767–768
- Umar ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi 768–771
- Habib ibn Habib al-Muhallabi 771
- Umar ibn Hafs al-Muhallabi 771
- Abu Hatim Yaqub ibn Labib al-Khariji 771–772 (Ibadi rebel)
- Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 772–787
- Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 787
- Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 787–791
- Nasr ibn Habib al-Muhallabi 791–793
- al-Fadl ibn Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi 793–795
- Appointed governors
- Harthama ibn Ayan 795–797
- Muhammad ibn Muqatil al-Akki, 797–799
- Tammam ibn Tamim al-Tamimi 799–800
- Muhammad ibn Muqatil al-Akki 800
Aghlabid Emirs of Ifriqiya
- Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab ibn Salim (800–812)
- Abdallah I ibn Ibrahim (812–817)
- Ziyadat Allah I ibn Ibrahim(817–838)
- al-Aghlab Abu Iqal ibn Ibrahim (838–841)
- Abu 'l-Abbas Muhammad I ibn al-Aghlab Abi Affan (841–856)
- Ahmad ibn Muhammad (856–863)
- Ziyadat Allah II ibn Abil-Abbas (863)
- Abu 'l-Gharaniq Muhammad II ibn Ahmad (863–875)
- Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II ibn Ahmad (875–902)
- Abu 'l-Abbas Abdallah II ibn Ibrahim (902–903)
- Abu Mudhar Ziyadat Allah III ibn Abdallah (903–909)
Fatimid Caliphs in Ifriqiya
- Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdu l-Lāh (ʻUbaydu l-Lāh) al-Mahdī bi'llāh (909–934) — founder of the Fatimid dynasty
- Abū l-Qāsim Muḥammad al-Qā'im bi-Amr Allāh (934–946)
- Abū Ṭāhir Ismā'il al-Manṣūr bi-llāh (946–953)
- Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mu'izz li-Dīn Allāh (953–975) (transferred to Egypt in 973)
Zirid dynasty rulers of Ifriqiya
- Abul-Futuh Sayf ad-Dawla Buluggin ibn Ziri (973–983)
- Abul-Fat'h al-Mansur ibn Buluggin (983–995)
- Abu Qatada Nasir ad-Dawla Badis ibn Mansur (995–1016)
- Sharaf ad-Dawla al-Muizz ibn Badis (1016–1062), — lost west Ifriqiya to Hammadid dynasty,(1018), declared independence from Fatimids (1045)
(invasion of the Banu Hilal (1057) — Kairouan destroyed, Zirids reduced to the main coastal cities, rural areas fragments into petty Bedouin emirates)[6]
- Abu Tahir Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz (1062–1108)
- Yahya ibn Tamim (1108–1131)
- Ali ibn Yahya (1115–1121)
- Abul-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali (1121–1152)
(Ifriqiyan coast annexed by Norman Sicily (1143–1160))
Norman kings of the Kingdom of Africa (Ifriqiya)
- Roger II of Sicily (1143-1154)
- William I of Sicily (1154-1160)
(All of Ifriqiya conquered and annexed by the Almohads (1160))[8]
Hafsid governors of Ifriqiya
- Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs (1207–1216)
- Abd-Allah (1224–1229)
- Abu Zakariya (1229–1249)
Hafsid caliphs of Ifriqiya
- Muhammad I al-Mustansir (1249–1277)
- Yahya II al-Watiq (1277–1279)
- Ibrahim I (1279–1283)
- Ibn Abi Umara (1283–1284)
- Abu Hafs Umar I (1284–1295)
- Muhammad I (1295–1309)
- Abu Bakr I (1309)
- Aba al-Baqa Khalid an-Nasir (1309–1311)
- Aba Yahya Zakariya al-Lihyani (1311–1317)
- Muhammad II (1317–1318)
- Abu Bakr II (1318–1346)
- Abu Hafs Umar II (1346–1349)
- Ahmad I (1349)
- Ishaq II (1350–1369)
- Abu al-Baqa Khalid (1369–1371)
- Ahmad II (1371–1394)
- Abd al-Aziz II (1394–1434)
- Muhammad III (1434–1436)
- Uthman (1436–1488)
- Abu Zakariya Yahya (1488–1489)
- Abd al-Mu'min (Hafsid) (1489–1490)
- Abu Yahya Zakariya (1490–1494)
- Muhammad IV (1494–1526)
- Muhammad V (1526–1543)
- Ahmad III (1543–1570)
- Muhammad VI (1574–1574)
- Jafari "Jafari the Clean" Yahya (1574–1581)
- Alem Nafirr (1581)
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انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ See chronicles of Ibn Abd al-Hakam and al-Nuwayri for accounts of the conquest.
- ^ This follows the tradition of al-Nuwayri, who says Mu'waiya ibn Hudaij was the first emir of Ifriqiya (ruling from Baqra) in 665. Ibn Khaldoun, however, dates the appointment of Mu'waiya ibn Hudaij as early as 651/52, when Abdallah ibn Sa'ad was governor in Egypt.
- ^ This is primarily covered in the chronicle of al-Nuwayri.
- ^ On the rise of the Fatimids, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.2 App. #2(pp.496–549))
- ^ See al-Nuwayri (v.2, App.1) and Ibn Khaldoun, v.2
- ^ On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).
- ^ Abulafia, "The Norman Kingdom of Africa"
- ^ For an account of the Almohad and Norman conquests of Ifriqiya, see Ibn al-Athir (p.578ff)
- ^ See Ibn Khaldoun (v.2 & 3)
المصادر
التآريخ
- ابن عبد الحكم، English trans. by C.C. Torrey, 1901, "The Mohammedan Conquest of Egypt and North Africa", Historical and Critical Contributions to Biblical Science, pp. 277–330. online; French trans. in De la Salle Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale, 1852, v.1, App. 1 (pp. 301–308)
- al-Nuwayri, French trans. in De La Salle, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale, 1852, v.1, App. 2 (pp. 314–444) (From 647 raid through end of Aghlabids) and 1854, v. 2 App.1 (pp. 483–89) (for Zirids). Italian transl. in M. Amari (1851) Nuova raccolta di scritture e documenti intorno alla dominazione degli arabi in Sicilia, (p.27-163) (Aghlabids only)
- Ibn Khaldoun, French trans. in De La Salle (1852–56), Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale 4 vols, Algiers: Imprimerie du Gouvernment. v.1, v.2 v.3, vol. 4
- Ibn al-Athir extracts from Kamel al-Tewarikh, French trans. in De La Salle, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale, 1854, v.2, App.#5, (pp. 573ff)
الثانوية
- Julien, C.A. (1931) Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, vol. 2 – De la conquête arabe à 1830, 1961 edition, Paris: Payot.
قالب:Timeline of the Maghreb dynasties Coordinates: 35°00′N 7°00′E / 35.000°N 7.000°E