رودولف، ولي عهد النمسا

(تم التحويل من Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria)
لمعلومات عن the friend and patron of Beethoven، انظر Archduke Rudolf of Austria (1788–1831).
رودولف
ولي عهد النمسا والمجر وبوهيميا
Rudolf Crown Prince of Austria LOC.jpg
Portrait by Károly Koller, 1887
وُلِد(1858-08-21)21 أغسطس 1858
Schloss Laxenburg، لاكسنبورگ، الإمبراطورية النمساوية]]
توفي30 يناير 1889(1889-01-30) (aged 30)
مايرلنج، النمسا-المجر
الدفن
Imperial Crypt, ڤيينا
الزوجالأميرة ستيفاني من بلجيكا
الأنجال    الأرشيدقة إليزابث ماري
الاسم الكامل
ألمانية: Rudolf Franz Karl Josef
إنگليزية: Rudolph Francis Charles Joseph
البيت آل هابسبورگ لورين
الأبفرانز جوزيف الأول من النمسا
الأمإليزابيث من باڤاريا
الديانةRoman Catholicism
التوقيعتوقيع رودولف

رودولف Rudolf (و.21 أغسطس 1858 - ت.30 يناير 1889)، ولي عهد النمسا، المجر، بوهميا، وهو ابن وولي عهد، فرانز جوزيف الأول، إمبراطور المجر والنمسا وبوهيميا، وزوجته الإمبراطورة إليزابث. In 1889, he died in a suicide pact with his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera at the Mayerling hunting lodge.[1] The ensuing scandal made international headlines.

خلفية

Wedding medal 1881 by Tautenhayn, obverse
The reverse of this wedding medal showing Hymen the god of marriage
Portrait by Eugen Felix
Garter encircled arms of Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria

Rudolf was born at Schloss Laxenburg,[2] a castle near Vienna, as the son of Emperor Franz Joseph I and Empress Elisabeth. He was named after the first Habsburg King of Germany, Rudolf I, who reigned from 1273 to 1291.[3] Rudolf was raised together with his older sister Gisela and the two were very close. At the age of six, Rudolf was separated from his sister as he began his education to become a future Emperor of Austria. This did not change their relationship and Gisela remained close to him until she left Vienna upon her marriage to Prince Leopold of Bavaria. Rudolf's initial education under Leopold Gondrecourt was physically and emotionally abusive, and likely a contributing factor in his later suicide.[4]

Influenced by his tutor Ferdinand von Hochstetter (who later became the first superintendent of the Imperial Natural History Museum), Rudolf became very interested in natural sciences, starting a mineral collection at an early age.[2] After his death, large portions of his mineral collection came into the possession of the University of Agriculture in Vienna, which is now known as the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna.[2]

In 1877, Count Karl Albert von Bombelles was master of the young prince. Bombelles had been the custodian of Rudolf's aunt Empress Charlotte of Mexico.[5]

In contrast with his deeply conservative father, Rudolf held liberal views that were closer to those of his mother. Nevertheless, his relationship with her was at times strained.[6]

الزواج

In Vienna, on 10 May 1881, Rudolf married Princess Stéphanie of Belgium, a daughter of King Leopold II of Belgium, at the Augustinian Church in Vienna. Although their marriage was initially a happy one, by the time their only child, the Archduchess Elisabeth ("Erzsi"), was born on 2 September 1883, the couple had drifted apart.

After the birth of their child, Rudolf became increasingly unstable as he drank heavily and was having many affairs. This behaviour, however, was not entirely new as Rudolf had a long history of reckless promiscuity prior to his marriage.[7]

In 1886, Rudolf became seriously ill and the couple was directed to the island of Lacroma (off present day Croatia) for his treatment. In transit, Stéphanie also became seriously ill and described "suffering terrible pain". The couple's diagnosis of peritonitis was kept secret by order of the Emperor.[8]

After intensive treatment, Stéphanie was able to recover from the illness but she was left unable to have children as the illness had destroyed her fallopian tubes.[9] Stéphanie's symptoms and outcome indicate Rudolf had most likely infected her with gonorrhoea. Rudolf himself did not improve with treatment and grew increasingly ill. It is likely he had contracted syphilis in addition to gonorrhoea. In order to cope with the effects of the disease, Rudolf began taking large doses of morphine.[10]

By 1889, it was common knowledge at Court that Stéphanie would not have any more children due to the events of 1886, and that Rudolf's health was deteriorating.

القتل-الانتحار

Baroness Mary Vetsera in 1888

In 1886, Rudolf bought Mayerling, a hunting lodge.[11] In late 1888, the 30-year-old Crown Prince met the 17-year-old Baroness Marie von Vetsera, and began an affair with her.[12] On 30 January 1889, he and the young baroness were discovered dead in the lodge as a result of an apparent joint suicide. As suicide would prevent him from being given a church burial, Rudolf was officially declared to have been in a state of "mental unbalance", and he was buried in the Imperial Crypt (Kaisergruft) of the Capuchin Church in Vienna. Vetsera's body was smuggled out of Mayerling in the middle of the night and secretly buried in the village cemetery at Heiligenkreuz.[11][13] The Emperor had Mayerling converted into a penitential convent of Carmelite nuns and endowed a chantry so that daily prayers would eternally be said by the nuns for the repose of Rudolf's soul.[13]

Vetsera's private letters were discovered in a safe deposit box in an Austrian bank in 2015, and they revealed that she was preparing to commit suicide alongside Rudolf, out of love.[14]

أعقاب الوفاة

Rudolf's death plunged his mother, Empress Elisabeth, into despair. She wore black or pearl grey, the colours of mourning, for the rest of her life and spent more and more time away from the imperial court in Vienna. Her daughter Gisela was afraid that she might also commit suicide.[15] In 1898, while Elisabeth was abroad in Geneva, Switzerland, she was murdered by an Italian anarchist, Luigi Lucheni.[16]

Rudolf's death had left Franz Joseph without a direct male heir. Franz-Joseph's younger brother, Archduke Karl Ludwig, was next in line to the Austro-Hungarian throne,[17] though it was falsely reported that he had renounced his succession rights.[18] In any case, his death in 1896 from typhoid made his eldest son, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the new heir presumptive. However, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914 (an event that precipitated World War I), so when Emperor Franz-Joseph died in November 1916, he was succeeded instead by his grandnephew, Charles I of Austria. The demands of the American President, Woodrow Wilson[citation needed] forced Emperor Charles I to renounce involvement in state affairs in Vienna in early November 1918. As a result, the Austro-Hungarian Empire ceased to exist and a republic came into being without revolution. Charles I and his family went into exile in Switzerland after spending a short time at Castle Eckartsau.

Legend

Rudolf (also known as Ludolf or Ludó in folklore) was a figure in folk stories in Hungary. Legend has it, that it was his father who sentenced him to death, as he was a Hungarophile and defied his Hungarophobic father's will. However, the latter secretly pardoned him and buried a waxwork in his place, and the real Ludó lived out his life in South America. The legend's popularity peaked during the interwar period.[19]

In popular culture

أسلافه

قراءات أخرى

الملكية النمساوية
آل هابسبورگ-لورين
Wappen Kaisertum Österreich 1815 (Klein).png
فرانسيس الأول
(فرانسيس الثاني، الامبراطور الروماني المقدس)
الأنجال ضموا
   الأرشدوقة ماري لويزه
   فرديناند الأول
   Archduchess Maria Leopoldina
   Archduchess Clementina
   الأرشيدوق فرانز كارل
الأحفاد ضموا
   فرانز يوسف الأول
   الأرشدوق مكسمليان
   Archduke Karl Ludwig
   Archduke Ludwig Viktor
أبناء الأحفاد ضموا
   Archduke Franz Ferdinand
   Archduke Otto Franz
فرديناند الأول
فرانز يوسف الأول
الأنجال
   Archduchess Sophie
   Archduchess Gisela
   Crown Prince Rudolf
   Archduchess Marie Valerie
الأحفاد ضموا
   Archduchess Elisabeth Marie
كارل الأول
الأنجال ضموا
   ولي العهد اوتو
   Archduke Robert
   Archduke Felix
   Archduke Karl Ludwig
   Archduke Rudolf
الأحفاد ضموا
   Archduchess Andrea
   Archduchess Monika
   Archduchess Michaela
   Archduchess Gabriela
   Archduchess Walburga
   Archduke Karl
   Archduke Georg
   Archduke Lorenz
أبناء الأحفاد ضموا
   Archduke Ferdinand Zvonimir
   Archduke Amedeo
  • Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria. Majestät, ich warne Sie... Geheime und private Schriften. Edited by Brigitte Hamann. Wien: Amalthea, 1979, ISBN 3-85002-110-6 (reprinted München: Piper, 1998, ISBN 3-492-20824-X).
  • Barkeley, Richard. The Road to Mayerling: Life and Death of Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria. London: Macmillan, 1958.
  • Franzel, Emil. Crown Prince Rudolph and the Mayerling Tragedy: Fact and Fiction. Vienna : V. Herold, 1974.
  • Hamann, Brigitte. Kronprinz Rudolf: Ein Leben. Wien: Amalthea, 2005, ISBN 3-85002-540-3.
  • Listowel, Judith Márffy-Mantuano Hare, Countess of. A Habsburg Tragedy: Crown Prince Rudolf. London: Ascent Books, 1978.
  • Lonyay, Károly. Rudolph: The Tragedy of Mayerling. New York: Scribner, 1949.
  • Salvendy, John T. Royal Rebel: A Psychological Portrait of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria-Hungary. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988.
  • Morton, Frederic. A Nervous Splendor: Vienna 1888/1889. Penguin 1979

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

  1. ^ As documented in several autograph letters by the two unfortunate lovers ANSA newsbrief (in Italian)
  2. ^ أ ب ت "Crown Prince Rudolf (1858–1889)" (museum notes), Natural History Museum, Vienna, 2006.[dead link]
  3. ^ Timothy Snyder (2008) 'The Red Prince, p. 9. ISBN 978-0-465-00237-5
  4. ^ Coatman, Lucy (2022-03-18). "The history behind The Scandal at Mayerling". Scottish Ballet. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  5. ^ قالب:ÖBL2
  6. ^ Röhl, John C. G. (29 October 1998). Young Wilhelm. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521497527. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  7. ^ Greg King and Penny Wilson. "The Many Affairs of Crown Prince Rudolf". The History Reader.
  8. ^ HRH Princess Stéphanie. I Was to Be Empress, p. 197. Nicholson & Watson, 1937.
  9. ^ Hare, Judith (1978). A Habsburg Tragedy – Crown Prince Rudolf. Ascent Books. p. 147.
  10. ^ Hare 1978.
  11. ^ أ ب Schmöckel, Sonja. "CSI Mayerling – How did the crown prince really die?". The World of the Habsburgs (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  12. ^ Louise of Coburg, My Own Affairs, George H. Doran Co., 1921, p. 120.
  13. ^ أ ب Butkuviene, Gerda (11 March 2012). "Book Review: Myths of Mayerling Crime at Mayerling. The Life and Death of Mary Vetsera, by Georg Markus; The Habsburgs' Tragedy, by Leo Belmonto". The Vienna Review. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  14. ^ "Sensationsfund in der Schoellerbank: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek erhält verloren geglaubte Abschiedsbriefe von Mary Vetsera" [Sensational discovery at Schoellerbank: Austrian National Library receives farewell letters from Mary Vetsera, believed to be lost] (in الألمانية). 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015.
  15. ^ Coatman, Lucy (2022-01-27). "Mater Dolorosa: Elisabeth in the Aftermath of Mayerling". Team Queens (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  16. ^ "European royalty Austria: Crown Prince Rudolf". Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  17. ^ Menger, Carl (January 1994). Carl Menger's Lectures to Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. Edward Elgar. ISBN 9781781008065. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  18. ^ "The Crown Prince's Successor". The New York Times. 2 February 1889. p. 2. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  19. ^ "Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon /". mek.niif.hu (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  20. ^ Gide, André (1960) [1925]. Lafcadio's Adventures (in الإنجليزية) (Translation ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 93.
  21. ^ Rudolf: A play in two acts. Brisbane Dramatic Arts Company. 2011. ISBN 9780980655100.

وصلات خارجية

رودولف، ولي عهد النمسا
فرع أصغر من House of Lorraine
وُلِد: 21 اغسطس 1858 توفي: 30 يناير 1889
الملكية النمساوية-المجرية
سبقه
Ferdinand Maximilian 		Heir-apparent to the Austrian throne تبعه
Establishment of النمسا والمجر
لقب حديث
تأسيس النمسا-المجر
 Heir-apparent to the Austrian-Hungarian throne تبعه
Karl Ludwig
الكلمات الدالة:
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