خرطوم (حيوان)

(تم التحويل من Proboscis)
للفراشات قرني استشعار، عينين مركبتين، وخرطوم.
الحشرة السيرفيدية تستخدم خرطوميها للوصول إلى رحيق الزهور.
Everted proboscis of a polychaete (Phyllodoce lineata)

الخرطوم proboscis /prˈbɒsɪs/، هو زائدة ممتدة من رأس الحيوان، سواء الفقاريات أو اللافقاريات. في اللافقاريات، يشير المصطلح عادة إلى الأنابيب الفموية التي تستخدم للتغذية والامتصاص. في الفقاريات، يستخدم المصطلح لوصف الأنف أو الخطم الممتد.

اللافقاريات

الاستخدام الأكثر شيوعاً هو الإشارة إلى عضو التغذية أو الامتصاص الأنبوبي في بعض اللافقاريات مثل الحشرات (على سبيل المثال، العث والفراشاتالديدان (وتشمل مشوكات الرأس، خرطوميات الجوف) والرخويات بطنيات القدم.

The most common usage is to refer to the tubular feeding and sucking organ of certain invertebrates such as insects (e.g., moths, butterflies, and mosquitoes), worms (including Acanthocephala, proboscis worms) and gastropod molluscs.

Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes use their proboscis to suck up blood. Only the female mosquitoes take blood meals.[1] Male proboscis are not strong enough to break human skin.[2] Both female and male mosquitoes can feed on fruit and flower nectars.[2] Their proboscis is sharp when examined on a molecular level; this feature has been used to research modifications to syringes and various medical equipment.[3]

Acanthocephala

Scanning electron microscopy of proboscis of an Acanthocephala[4]

The Acanthocephala, the thorny-headed worms or spiny-headed worms, are characterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis, armed with spines, which they use to pierce and hold the gut wall of their host.

Lepidoptera mouth parts

Convolvulus hawk-moth (Agrius convolvuli) feeding with extended proboscis
ملف:Silver-spotted Skipper Unfurling Its Proboscic.jpg
Silver-spotted Skipper (Epargyreus clarus) unfurling its proboscis to feed on Zinnia

The mouth parts of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) mainly consist of the sucking kind; this part is known as the proboscis or 'haustellum'. The proboscis consists of two tubes held together by hooks and separable for cleaning. The proboscis contains muscles for operating. Each tube is inwardly concave, thus forming a central tube up which moisture is sucked. Suction takes place due to the contraction and expansion of a sac in the head.[5] During rest, the proboscis remains coiled tightly against the head. When the butterfly moves to feed, it unfurls to extend downward into the flower's center.[6] A specific example of the proboscis being used for feeding is in the species Deilephila elpenor. In this species, the moth hovers in front of the flower and extends its long proboscis to attain its food.[7]

A few Lepidoptera species lack mouth parts and therefore do not feed in the imago. Others, such as the family Micropterigidae, have mouth parts of the chewing kind.[8]

The study of insect mouthparts was helpful for the understanding of the functional mechanism of the proboscis of butterflies (Lepidoptera) to elucidate the evolution of new form-function.[9][10] The study of the proboscis of butterflies revealed surprising examples of adaptations to different kinds of fluid food, including nectar, plant sap, tree sap, dung[11][12][13] and of adaptations to the use of pollen as complementary food in Heliconius butterflies.[14][15] An extremely long proboscis appears within different groups of flower-visiting insects, but is relatively rare.

مشوكات الرأس

Scanning electron microscopy of proboscis of an Acanthocephala [16]

تتميز مشوكات الرأس أو الديدان ذات الرأس الشوكي بوجود خرطوم عكسي، مدرع بالأشواك، والذي تستخدمه لثقب والإمساك بجدار أحشاء فريستها.

قشريات الأجنحة

الجزأن الفمويان في قشريات الأجنحة يتكونان بصفة رئيسية من نوع ماص؛ يعرف هذا الجزء بالخرطوم. يتكون الخرطوم من أنبوبين مثبتين معا بواسطة خطافات وقابلين للانفصال للتنظيف. يحتوي الخرطوم على عضلات للعمل. كل أنبوب مقعر داخليا، وبالتالي فهو يشكل أنبوب مركزي يقوم بامتصاص الرطوبة. يتم الامتصاص بسبب الانكماش والتمدد في كيس داخل الرأس.[5]

البطن قدميات

خرطوم القوقعة البحرية المفترسة Mitra mitra.
Kelletia kelletii تتغذى على الأسماك الميتة باستخدام خرطوم طويل وقادر على الإمساك.

Some evolutionary lineages of gastropods have evolved a proboscis. In gastropods, the proboscis is an elongation of the snout with the ability to retract inside the body; it can be used for feeding, sensing the environment, and in some cases, capturing prey or attaching to hosts. Three major types of proboscises have been identified: pleurembolic (partially retractable), acrembolic (fully retractable), and intraembolic (variable in structure). Acrembolic proboscises are usually found in parasitic gastropods.[17][18] The proboscis in gastropods is protruded using hydraulic pressure generated by the wall musculature of the head-foot. It is retracted using specialized proboscis retractor muscles.[19]

الفقاريات

Asian elephant drinking water with trunk

The elephant's trunk and the tapir's elongated nose are called "proboscises", as is the snout of the male elephant seal.

أشهر الثدييات التي تمتلك خراطيم:

The proboscis monkey is named for its enormous nose.

The human nose is sometimes ironically called a proboscis, especially when large or prominent.

Notable fishes with some form of proboscis are:

الاستخدام في الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد

حوّل باحثون من جامعة ماكجيل خرطوم البعوضة إلى أداة طباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد فائقة الدقة. فمن خلال تكييف بنية الحشرة المجهرية الثاقبة وتغطيتها براتنج بوليمر ضوئي، حققوا دقة تتراوح بين 18 و28 ميكرون بتكلفة أقل بكثير من العديد من أنظمة الطباعة التقليدية عالية الدقة.

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ Lee, Sang Joon; Kim, Bo Heum; Lee, Jung Yeop (2009-05-11). "Experimental study on the fluid mechanics of blood sucking in the proboscis of a female mosquito". Journal of Biomechanics. 42 (7): 857–864. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.01.039. ISSN 0021-9290.
  2. ^ أ ب CDC (2024-05-14). "About Mosquitoes". Mosquitoes (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-09-11.
  3. ^ Izumi, Hayato; Suzuki, Masato; Aoyagi, Seiji; Kanzaki, Tsutomu (2011-01-01). "Realistic imitation of mosquito's proboscis: Electrochemically etched sharp and jagged needles and their cooperative inserting motion". Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. Transducers 2009. 165 (1): 115–123. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2010.02.010. ISSN 0924-4247.
  4. ^ Amin OA, Heckmann RA, Ha NV (2014). "Acanthocephalans from fishes and amphibians in Vietnam, with descriptions of five new species". Parasite. 21 53: 53. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014052. PMC 4204126. PMID 25331738. open access
  5. ^ أ ب Evans, W. H. (1927) Identification of Indian Butterflies, The Diocesan press. Introduction, pp. 1–35. خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "Evans" معرف أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
  6. ^ "Proboscis Unwinds — Biological Strategy — AskNature". The Biomimicry Institute (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-11-17.
  7. ^ Hallam, Bridget; Floreano, Dario; Hallam, John; Hayes, Gillian; Meyer, Jean-Arcady (2002). From Animals to Animats 7: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (in الإنجليزية). MIT Press. ISBN 9780262582179.
  8. ^ Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson (2005). Borror and Delong's Introduction to the Study of Insects (7th edition). Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA. ISBN 0-03-096835-6
  9. ^ Krenn HW, Kristensen NP (2000). "Early evolution of the proboscis of Lepidoptera: external morphology of the galea in basal glossatan moths, with remarks on the origin of the pilifers". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 239: 179–196.
  10. ^ Krenn HW, Kristensen NP (2004). "Evolution of proboscis musculature in Lepidoptera". European Journal of Entomology. 101 (4): 565–575. doi:10.14411/eje.2004.080. S2CID 54538516.
  11. ^ Krenn HW, Zulka KP, Gatschnegg T (2001). "Proboscis morphology and food preferences in Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)". J. Zool. Lond. 253: 17–26. doi:10.1017/S0952836901000528.
  12. ^ Knopp, M. C. N.; Krenn, H. W. (2003). "Efficiency of fruit juice feeding in Morpho peleides (Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera)". Journal of Insect Behavior. 16 (1): 67–77. Bibcode:2003JIBeh..16...67K. doi:10.1023/A:1022849312195. S2CID 33428687.
  13. ^ Krenn, Harald W. (2010). "Feeding Mechanisms of Adult Lepidoptera: Structure, Function, and Evolution of the Mouthparts". Annual Review of Entomology. 55: 307–27. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085338. PMC 4040413. PMID 19961330.
  14. ^ Krenn, Harald W.; Eberhard, Monika J. B.; Eberhard, Stefan H.; Hikl, Anna-Laetitia; Huber, Werner; Gilbert, Lawrence E. (2009). "Mechanical damage to pollen aids nutrient acquisition in Heliconius butterflies (Nymphalidae)". Arthropod-Plant Interactions. 3 (4): 203–208. Bibcode:2009APInt...3..203K. doi:10.1007/s11829-009-9074-7. PMC 4040415. PMID 24900162.
  15. ^ Hikl, A. L.; Krenn, H. W. (2011). "Pollen processing behavior of Heliconius butterflies: A derived grooming behavior". Journal of Insect Science. 11 (99): 99. doi:10.1673/031.011.9901. PMC 3281465. PMID 22208893.
  16. ^ Amin, O. A, Heckmann, R. A & Ha, N. V. (2014) Acanthocephalans from fishes and amphibians in Vietnam, with descriptions of five new species. Parasite, 21, 53 doi:10.1051/parasite/2014052PMID 25331738 open access
  17. ^ Simone, Luiz (September 2019). "The proboscis of the Gastropoda 1: its evolution". Malacopedia (Volume 2(4): 22–29 ed.). ISSN 2595-9913.
  18. ^ Ball, A.D.; Andrews, E.B.; Taylor, J.D. (1997-02-01). "The Ontogeny of the Pleurembolic Proboscis in Nucella lapillus (Gastropoda: Muricidae)" (PDF). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 63 (1): 87–89. doi:10.1093/mollus/63.1.87. ISSN 0260-1230.
  19. ^ Simone, Luiz Ricardo L (September 2019). "The proboscis of the Gastropoda 1: its evolution". Malacopedia. 2 (4): 22–29.
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