المعرفة

مركبة إطلاق السواتل القطبية

(تم التحويل من PSLV)

مركبة إطلاق السواتل القطبية Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (هندي: ध्रुवीय उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान)، وعادة ما يعرف باختصار كلماته الإنگليزية PSLV، هو نظام إطلاق مرة واحدة تشغـِّله هيئة أبحاث الفضاء الهندية (ISRO). تم تطويرها لتتيح للهند إطلاق سواتل الاستشعار عن بعد الهندية (IRS) في مدارات شمسية التزامن، وهي الخدمة التي كانت، حتى صناعة PSLV، ممكنة تجارياً فقط من روسيا. ويمكن لPSLV أيضاً إطلاق سواتل صغيرة الحجم إلى مدار انتقال ثابت أرضياً (GTO). وقد ثبت إمكانية الاعتماد على PSLV وتنوع استخداماته عبر إطلاقه 30 مركبة فضائية (14 هندية و 16 من دول أخرى) إلى مدارات متعددة حتى الآن.[1] In April 2008, it successfully launched 10 satellites in one go, breaking a world record held by Russia.[2]

مركبة إطلاق السواتل القطبية
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
PSLV-CA 1.jpg
PSLV-C8 (تنويعة CA) تحمل الساتل AGILE السابر بآشعتي x و γ ، وهو ملك ASI ينطلق من سري‌هاري‌كوتا
الوظيفةمركبة إطلاق متعددة المراحل
ManufacturerISRO
Country of originFlag of India.png الهند
Size
Height44 metres (144 ft)
Diameter2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in)
Mass294,000 kilograms (648,000 lb)
المراحل4
Capacity
الحمولة إلى LEO3,250 kilograms (7,170 lb)
الحمولة إلى
SSO		1,600 kilograms (3,500 lb)
الحمولة إلى
GTO		1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb)
تاريخ الإطلاق
الحالةActive
مواقع الإطلاقسري‌هاري‌كوتا
إجمالي الإطلاقات15
النجاح13
الفشل1
فشل جزئي1
أول طيران20 سبتمبر 1993
الصواريخ الرافعة
عدد المعززات6
المحركات1 صلب
الدفع502.600 kN
الاندفاع النوعي262 sec
زمن الحرق44 ثانية
الدافعHTPB (صلب)
المرحلة الأولى
المحركات1 صلب
الدفع4,860 kN
الاندفاع النوعي269sec
زمن الحرق105 ثانية
الدافعHTPB (صلب)
المرحلة الثانية
المحركات1 ڤيكاس
الدفع725 kN
الاندفاع النوعي293 sec
زمن الحرق158 ثانية
الدافعN2O4/UDMH
المرحلة الثالثة
المحركات1 صلب
الدفع328 kN
الاندفاع النوعي294 sec
زمن الحرق83 ثانية
الدافعصلب
المرحلة الرابعة
المحركات2 سائل
الدفع14 kN
الاندفاع النوعي308 sec
زمن الحرق425 ثانية
الدافعMMH/UDMH
[edit on Wikidata]

يتكلف اطلاق PSLV نحو 17 مليون دولار أمريكي لكل إطلاق.[3][4]

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التكوين

 
PSLV


التحكم

PSLV is developed with a group of wide-range control units.

المرحلة 1 المرحلة 2 المرحلة 3 المرحلة 4
SITVC for Pitch & Yaw, Reaction control Thrusters for roll. SITVC in 2 PSOMs for roll control augmentation. Engine Gimbal for Pitch & Yaw, Hot Gas Reaction Control Motor for roll control. Flex Nozzle for Pitch & Yaw, PS4 RCS for roll control. Engine Gimbal for Pitch, Yaw and roll On -off RCS for coast phase control.

التنويعات

في الخدمة

PSLV

The standard version of the PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately and six strap-on boosters. It currently has capability to launch 1,600 kg to 622 km sun synchronous orbit.

PSLV-CA

The PSLV-CA, with CA meaning "Core Alone", uses the core stages without any strap-on boosters. It currently has capability to launch 1,100 kg to 622 km sun synchronous orbit.[5]

PSLV-XL


تاريخ الاطلاق

اعتبارا من 15 فبراير 2017 (2017-02-15) the PSLV has made 39 launches, with 37 successfully reaching their planned orbits, one outright failure and one partial failure, yielding a success rate of 95% (or 97% including the partial failure). All launches have occurred from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), known before 2002 as the Sriharikota Range (SHAR).

الرحلة تنويعة الصاروخ تاريخ/وقت الاطلاق (UTC) منصة الاطلاق الحمولة كتلة الحمولة النتيجة
D1 PSLV-G 20 September 1993
05:12 		First   IRS-1E 846 kg فشل

Maiden flight; attitude control failure at second stage separation.[6]

D2 PSLV-G 15 October 1994
05:05 		First   IRS-P2 804 kg نجاح

[7]

D3 PSLV-G 21 March 1996
04:53 		First   IRS-P3 920 kg نجاح

[8]

C1 PSLV-G 29 September 1997
04:47 		First   IRS-1D 1250 kg فشل جزئي

First operational flight; fourth stage under-performed resulting in lower than planned orbit. Satellite used own propulsion to move to correct orbit.[9]

C2 PSLV-G 26 May 1999
06:22 		First   Oceansat-1
  DLR-Tubsat
  Kitsat-3 		1050 kg
45 kg
107 kg 		نجاح

First launch to have foreign satellites, and first to carry multiple satellites.[10][11]

C3 PSLV-G 22 October 2001
04:53 		First   TES
 

</noinclude> PROBA
  BIRD

1108 kg
94 kg
92 kg 		نجاح

First multi-orbit mission. TES and BIRD were injected into a nominal 568 km circular sun synchronous polar orbit, PROBA was injected into a 568 X 638 km elliptical orbit. Orbit was raised using RCS thrusters on fourth stage.[12][13]

C4 PSLV-G 12 September 2002
10:23 		First   MetSat-1 (Kalpana-1) 1060 kg نجاح

India's first launch to GTO. GTO payload capability has reached 1200 kg from 2002 onward, compared to 1050 kg previously. First use of lightweight carbon composite payload adapter.[14][15][16]

C5 PSLV-G 17 October 2003
04:52 		First   RESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6) 1360 kg نجاح

Payload capability had been progressively increased by more than 600 kg since the first PSLV launch. Launch took place despite heavy rain.[17][18]

C6 PSLV-G 5 May 2005
04:45 		Second   Cartosat-1
  HAMSAT 		1560 kg
42.5 kg 		نجاح

First PSLV launch from the second launch pad.[19]

C7 PSLV-G 10 January 2007
03:54 		First   Cartosat-2
  SRE-1
  LAPAN-TUBsat
  PEHUENSAT-1 		680 kg
500 kg
56 kg
6 kg 		نجاح

First flight of hardware upgrade, first launch of reentry capsule (SRE).[20]

C8 PSLV-CA 23 April 2007
10:00 		Second   AGILE
  AAM 		352 kg
185 kg 		نجاح

First flight of the 'Core-Alone' configuration. ISRO's first commercial launch (foreign satellite as the main payload).[21][22]

C10 PSLV-CA 21 January 2008
03:45 		First   TecSAR 295 kg نجاح

ISRO's second commercial launch (foreign satellite as the main payload).[23][24]

C9 PSLV-CA 28 April 2008
03:53 		Second   Cartosat-2A
  IMS-1/TWSAT
  RUBIN-8
  CanX-6/NTS
  CanX-2
  Cute-1.7+APD II
  Delfi-C3
  SEEDS-2
  COMPASS-1
  AAUSAT-II 		690 kg
83 kg
8 kg
6.5 kg
3.5 kg
3 kg
2.2 kg
1 kg
1 kg
0.75 kg 		نجاح

[25][26]

C11 PSLV-XL 22 October 2008
00:52 		Second   Chandrayaan-1 1380 kg نجاح

First flight of the PSLV-XL configuration, first Indian Lunar probe.[27][28]

C12 PSLV-CA 20 April 2009
01:15 		Second   RISAT-2
  ANUSAT 		300 kg
40 kg 		نجاح

India's first radar imaging satellite, RISAT.[29][30]

C14 PSLV-CA 23 September 2009
06:21 		First   Oceansat-2
   Rubin 9.1
  Rubin 9.2
  SwissCube-1
  BeeSat
  UWE-2
  ITUpSAT1 		960 kg
8 kg
8 kg
1 kg
1 kg
1 kg
1 kg 		نجاح

Rubin 9.1 and 9.2 intentionally remained attached to the fourth stage. SwissCube-1 was the first Swiss satellite, and ITUpSAT1 was the first satellite to be constructed in Turkey.[31][32][33][34][35][36]

C15 PSLV-CA 12 July 2010
03:52 		First   Cartosat-2B

  ALSAT-2A
  AISSat-1
  TIsat-1
  STUDSAT

694 kg
117 kg
6.5 kg
1 kg
0.95 kg 		نجاح

AISSat-1 and TIsat are part of NLS-6.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43]

C16 PSLV-G 20 April 2011
04:42 		First   ResourceSat-2
  X-Sat
   YouthSat 		1206 kg
106 kg
92 kg 		نجاح

[44]

C17 PSLV-XL 15 July 2011
11:18 		Second   GSAT-12 1410 kg نجاح

First use of Vikram flight computer.[45][46]

C18 PSLV-CA 12 October 2011
05:31 		First    Megha-Tropiques

  SRMSAT
  Jugnu
  VesselSat-1

1000 kg
10.9 kg
3 kg
28.7 kg 		نجاح

[47][48]

C19 PSLV-XL 26 April 2012
00:17 		First  RISAT-1 1850 kg نجاح

[49]

C21 PSLV-CA 9 September 2012
04:23 		First   SPOT-6
  mRESINS

  PROITERES

720 kg
50 kg
15 kg 		نجاح

mRESINS tested avionics for future PSLV launches. ISRO's third commercial launch (foreign satellite as the main payload). ISRO's 100th mission.[50][51]

C20 PSLV-CA 25 February 2013
12:31 		First    SARAL

  Sapphire
  NEOSSat
  TUGSAT-1
  UniBRITE-1
  STRaND-1
  AAUSAT3

409 kg
148 kg
74 kg
14 kg
14 kg
6.5 kg
0.8 kg 		نجاح

TUGSAT-1 and UniBRITE were the first Austrian satellites.[52][53][54]

C22 PSLV-XL 1 July 2013
18:11 		First   IRNSS-1A 1425 kg نجاح

India's first regional navigation satellite.[55]

C25 PSLV-XL 5 November 2013
09:08 		First   Mars Orbiter Mission 1350 kg نجاح

India's first Mars mission.[56][57]

C24 PSLV-XL 4 April 2014
11:44 		First   IRNSS-1B 1432 kg نجاح

India's second regional navigation satellite.[58][59]

C23 PSLV-CA 30 June 2014
04:22 		First   SPOT-7
  CanX-4
  CanX-5
  AISAT
  VELOX-1 		714 kg
15 kg
15 kg
14 kg
7 kg 		نجاح

ISRO's fourth commercial launch (foreign satellite as the main payload).[60]

C26 PSLV-XL 16 October 2014
20:02 		First   IRNSS-1C 1425.4 kg نجاح

Seventh PSLV-XL and third Navigation Satellite launch.[61][62]

C27 PSLV-XL 28 March 2015
11:49 		Second   IRNSS-1D 1425 kg نجاح

Eighth PSLV-XL and fourth Navigation Satellite launch.[63]

C28 PSLV-XL 10 July 2015
16:28 		First   UK-DMC3A
  UK-DMC3B
  UK-DMC3C
  CBNT-1
  DeOrbitSail 		447 kg
447 kg
447 kg
91 kg
7 kg 		نجاح

At the time it was the heaviest commercial mission (1439 kg) successfully accomplished using a launch vehicle assembled by ISRO.[64][65]

C30 PSLV-XL 28 September 2015
04:30 		First   Astrosat
  LAPAN-A2
  exactView 9
  Lemur-2 #1 Joel
  Lemur-2 #2 Peter
  Lemur-2 #3 Jeroen
  Lemur-2 #4 Chris 		1650 kg
68 kg
5.5 kg
4 kg
4 kg
4 kg
4 kg
 نجاح

Launch of India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory and ISRO's first launch of US satellites.[66]

C29 PSLV-CA 16 December 2015
12:30 		First   TeLEOS-1
  VELOX-C1

  VELOX-II
  Kent Ridge-1
  Galassia
  Athenoxat-1[67]

400 kg
123 kg
13 kg
78 kg
3.4 kg
-
 نجاح

Commercial launch of 6 Singaporean satellites. Fourth stage re-ignition demonstrated successfully after payload deployment.[68][69][70]

C31 PSLV-XL 20 January 2016
04:01 		Second   IRNSS-1E 1425 kg نجاح

IRNSS-1E, fifth navigation satellite of the seven satellites constituting the IRNSS space segment launched. It carries two types of payloads – navigation payload and ranging payload. This is the eleventh time ‘XL’ configuration is being flown.[71][72][73]

C32 PSLV-XL 10 March 2016
10:31 		Second   IRNSS-1F 1425 kg
 نجاح

IRNSS-1F, sixth navigation satellite of the seven satellites constituting the IRNSS space segment launched. It carries two types of payloads – navigation payload and ranging payload. This is the twelfth time ‘XL’ configuration is being flown. IRNSS-1F carries Corner Cube Retro Reflectors for laser ranging.[74] Launch initially scheduled for 10:30 was delayed by one minute to avoid space debris.[75]

C33 PSLV-XL 28 April 2016
07:20 		First   IRNSS-1G 1425 kg
 نجاح

IRNSS-1G, last navigation satellite of the seven satellites constituting the IRNSS space segment launched. India's own navigational system, the set-up for which was completed will be called NAVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation)[76][77][78][79][80]

C34 PSLV-XL 22 June 2016
03:55 		Second
  • 727.5 kg
  • 120 kg
  • 130 kg
  • 110 kg
  • 25.5 kg
  • 85 kg
  • 1 kg
  • 1.5 kg
  • 12 × 4.7 kg
 نجاح

ISRO's Cartosat-2C and 19 other satellites launched.[81][82][83][84][85][86]

C35 PSLV-G 26 September 2016
03:42 		First   ScatSat-1
  ALSAT-2B
  ALSAT-1B
  Pathfinder-1
  Pratham IIT Bombay
  NLS-19
  ALSAT-1N
  PISat 		371 kg
117 kg
103 kg
44 kg
10 kg
8 kg
7 kg
5.25 kg 		نجاح

ISRO's longest PSLV satellite launch mission. First mission of PSLV in which it launched its payloads into two different orbits.[87][88][89][90][91][92]

C36 PSLV-XL 7 December 2016
04:55 		First   Resourcesat-2A 1235 kg نجاح

[93][94][95][96][97][98]

C37 PSLV-XL 15 February 2017

03:58

 First   Cartosat-2D
  INS-1A
  INS-1B
  Nayif-1 CubeSats
  Al Farabi-1
  PEASSS
  BGUSat
  DIDO-2
  Doves (Flock 3p)
  LEMUR Nano 		730 kg
8.4 kg
9.7 kg
1.1 kg
1.7 kg
3 kg
4.3 kg
4.2 kg
4.7 kg x 88 Nos.
4.6 kg x 8 Nos. 		نجاح

PSLV-C37 successfully carried and deployed a record 104 satellites in the Sun-synchronous orbit.[99][100][101][102][103][104]


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المصادر

  • * means Second Launch Pad.

الهامش

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  13. ^ PSLV-C3
  14. ^ PSLV-C4
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وصلات خارجية

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