الجراجمة

الجراجمة
	المناطق الرئيسية الخاضعة لسيطرة الجراجمة في الشام، ح. القرن السابع الميلادي.
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
	الشام، الأناضول، البلقان
اللغات
	غير معروفة، ربما السريانية، الأرمنية، أو الإيرانية
الدين
	المسيحية
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
	الموارنة، اليونانيون، سلاڤ الجنوب، الألبان

الجراجمة أو المَرَدة (اليونانية القروسطية: Μαρδαΐται، سريانية: ܡܪ̈ܕܝܐ، إنگليزية: Mardaites)، هم مسيحيون أوائل يتبعون الطائفة المسيحية الخلقدونية، يتمركزون في جبال النور. لا يُعرف الكثير عن أصولهم العرقية، لكن يُعتقد أنهم ربما كانوا من الفرس (انظر، على سبيل المثال، الآمارديين، الذين كانوا يسكنون جنوب بحر قزوين في العصور الكلاسيكية) أو من الأرمن، بينما تزعم مصادر أخرى أنهم كانوا يونانيين من سكان الشام^[4] أو حتى ربما ما شبه الجزيرة العربية.^[5] يشير اسمهم العربي الآخر، الجراجمة، إلى أن بعضهم كانوا من سكان بلدة جرجم في قليقيا؛ كلمة مَرَدة في اللغة العربية هي جمع كلمة مارد، والتي يمكن أن تعني عملاقاً، أو كائناً خارقاً للطبيعة مثل الجن، أو جبلاً عالياً، أو متمرداً.

لا يُعرف ما إذا كان اسمهم نابعاً من وجودهم خارج نطاق السلطة السياسية الشرعية أو من إقامتهم في الجبال. انضم إليهم لاحقاً عدد من العبيد والفلاحين الهاربين أثناء تمردهم، ويُقال إنهم سيطروا على أراضي تمتد من "المدينة المقدسة" إلى "الجبل الأسود" (جبال النور).^[6]

التاريخ

خريطة توضح المناطق التي أجبر الجراجمة على الاستقرار فيها بعد 685 م.

After the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Mardaites gained a semi-independent status around the Nur Mountains within al-ʿAwāṣim, the Byzantine-Arab border region. They initially agreed to serve as mercenaries for the Arabs and to guard the Amanian Gate, but their loyalty was intermittent and they often sided with the Byzantine Empire as their agenda varied.^[6] According to Greek and Syriac historians, their territory stretched from the Amanus to the "holy city", the latter often identified as Jerusalem, although more likely to refer to Cyrrhus, also called Hagioupolis, the capital of Cyrrhestica, in upper Syria.^[7] Their numbers were swelled by thousands of runaway slaves, making them an ethnically diverse group. In light of this, it is claimed that they forced Muawiyah I, Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, to pay tribute to the Byzantine emperor Constantine IV, or possibly to them instead.^[7] Emperor Justinian II sent the Mardaites again to raid Syria in 688/9; this time they were joined by native peasants and slaves and were able to advance as far as Lebanon.

The Umayyads were compelled to sign another treaty by which they paid the Byzantines half the tribute of Cyprus, Armenia and the Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus Mountains;^[4] in return, Justinian relocated around 12,000 Mardaites to the southern coast of Anatolia, and the area of Laconia in the Southern Peloponnese, being under Byzantine control, Nicopolis in Epirus and Cephalonia as part of his measures to restore population and manpower to areas depleted by earlier conflicts.^[6]^[8] There they were conscripted as rowers and marines in the Byzantine navy for several centuries.^[9] Others however remained behind and continued raiding Muslim-held territories until their chief stronghold fell to Umayyad prince-general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik in 708. Maslama then resettled them throughout Syria, and although he allowed them to retain their faith, he conscripted them into his army.^[5]

Describing the abna' of Yemen, Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani states in his Kitab al-Aghani that, up to his time (10th century), these people were called "banū al-aḥrār (بنو الأحرار) in Sanaa, al-abnāʾ in Yemen, al-aḥāmira (الأحامرة) in Kufa, al-asāwira (الأساورة) in Basra, al-khaḍārima (الخضارمة) in al-Jazira, and al-jarājima (الجراجمة) in Bilad al-Sham".^[10]

أبرز الجراجمة

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

^ Hitti, Philip (1957). Lebanon in History. India: Macmillan and Co Ltd. p. 246.
^ ^أ ^ب Cvetković, Miloš (Jan 2017). "The settlement of the Mardaites and their military-administrative position in the themata of the West: A chronology". Institute for Byzantine Studies of the SASA, Belgrade – via researchgate.net.
^ Chinigò, Francesco (1900). I mirditi. Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana. p. 224.
^ ^أ ^ب Karolidis, Pavlos (2024). The Ethnic Ancestry of the Orthodox Christians of Syria and Palestine. United States. pp. 253–265. ISBN 979-8326558084.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^أ ^ب Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1297. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Canard, Marius (1965). "Ḏj̲arād̲j̲ima". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 457. ISBN 90-04-07026-5. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
^ ^أ ^ب Woods, David. "Corruption and Mistranslation: The Common Syriac Source on the Origin of the Mardaites". Retrieved April 6, 2013.
^ Ostrogorsky, George; Hussey (trans.), Joan (1957), History of the Byzantine state, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, pp. 116–18, ISBN 0-8135-0599-2, https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr/page/116
^ Treadgold, Warren T. (1998), Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081, Stanford University Press, p. 72, ISBN 0-8047-3163-2
^ Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʿAyyārān and Futuwwa. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-447-03652-8.

قراءات إضافية

Makrypoulias, Christos G. (2005), Mardaites in Asia Minor, http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=7807
The Confessor, Theophanes (1997). The Chronicle Of Theophanes Confessor, Trans. By Cyril Mango. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Phares, Walid. Lebanese Christian Nationalism: The Rise and Fall of an Ethnic Resistance. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995.

[Hitti-1] Hitti, Philip (1957). Lebanon in History. India: Macmillan and Co Ltd. p. 246.

[Cvetković-2] أ ^ب Cvetković, Miloš (Jan 2017). "The settlement of the Mardaites and their military-administrative position in the themata of the West: A chronology". Institute for Byzantine Studies of the SASA, Belgrade – via researchgate.net.

[3] Chinigò, Francesco (1900). I mirditi. Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana. p. 224.

[:0-4] أ ^ب Karolidis, Pavlos (2024). The Ethnic Ancestry of the Orthodox Christians of Syria and Palestine. United States. pp. 253–265. ISBN 979-8326558084.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[ODB-5] أ ^ب Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1297. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.

[eoi457-6] أ ^ب ^ت Canard, Marius (1965). "Ḏj̲arād̲j̲ima". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 457. ISBN 90-04-07026-5. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

[woods-7] أ ^ب Woods, David. "Corruption and Mistranslation: The Common Syriac Source on the Origin of the Mardaites". Retrieved April 6, 2013.

[Ostrogorsky1957-8] Ostrogorsky, George; Hussey (trans.), Joan (1957), History of the Byzantine state, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, pp. 116–18, ISBN 0-8135-0599-2, https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr/page/116

[9] Treadgold, Warren T. (1998), Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081, Stanford University Press, p. 72, ISBN 0-8047-3163-2

[10] Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʿAyyārān and Futuwwa. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-447-03652-8.

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