بهو معمد

بهو الأعمدة الأعظم في معبد الكرنك، مصر

بهو الأعمدة في صالة الوصول رقم 3 في مطار بن گوريون الدولي

البهو المعمد (Hypostyle), في العمارة ،هو المساحة الداخلية التي سقفها يرتكز على دعامات أو أعمدة. الكلمة Hypostyle تعني حرفيا "تحت أعمدة".

بهو المعمد هي تقنية إنشائية تسمح ببناء مساحات كبيرة كما في المعابد والقصور والمباني العامة , دون الحاجة إلى أقواس. هذة التقنية كانت تُستخدم على نطاق واسع في مصر القديمة حيث - معبد آمون في الكرنك يقدم مثالا جيدا ، وأيضاً في بلاد فارس ، حيث أطلال پرسپوليس هو مثال استثنائي لبناء بهو الأعمدة.

خيارات تقنية

Design of the Great Hypostyle Hall constructed around ح. 1290–1224 BC^[1]

The roof may be constructed with bridging lintels of stone, wood or other rigid material such as cast iron, steel or reinforced concrete. There may be a ceiling. The columns may be all the same height or, as in the case of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak, the columns flanking the central space may be of greater height rather than those of the side aisles, allowing openings in the wall above the smaller columns, through which light is admitted over the aisle roof, through clerestory windows.^[2]

التطبيقات

The architectural form has many applications, occurring in the cella of ancient Greek temples and in many Asian buildings, particularly of wood construction.

المساجد

Hypostyle prayer hall of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia

With a combination of columns and arches, the hypostyle hall became one of the two main types of mosque construction. In many mosques, especially the early congregational mosques, the prayer hall has the hypostyle form.^[3] One of the finest examples of the hypostyle-plan mosques is the Great Mosque of Kairouan (also called the Mosque of Uqba) in the city of Kairouan, Tunisia.^[4]^[5]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

^ Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner's Art Through the Ages. 14th. Boston: Wadsworth, 73. Print.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hypostyle" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 14 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner's art through the ages : the western perspective, Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 265
^ Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner's art through the ages : the western perspective, p. 267
^ Kenneth Hayes (2010). "The Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Anatolia: Mosque- and State-Building under Mongol Suzerainty" (PDF). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. pp. 18–19, 20 etc. Retrieved 27 February 2015. (pp 18-19) Early iterations of the Kaaba also had wooden columns. ... After this building succumbed to fire in the taking of the Haram, Ibn Zubayr ... placed three teak-wood columns in a single row. (p 20) The mosque at Kufa became so paradigmatic that later hypostyle mosques are generally known as Kufa- or Kufic-type mosques.

الكلمات الدالة:

الكرنك

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[KleinerGardner-1] Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner's Art Through the Ages. 14th. Boston: Wadsworth, 73. Print.

[2] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hypostyle" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 14 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[3] Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner's art through the ages : the western perspective, Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 265

[4] Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner's art through the ages : the western perspective, p. 267

[5] Kenneth Hayes (2010). "The Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Anatolia: Mosque- and State-Building under Mongol Suzerainty" (PDF). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. pp. 18–19, 20 etc. Retrieved 27 February 2015. (pp 18-19) Early iterations of the Kaaba also had wooden columns. ... After this building succumbed to fire in the taking of the Haram, Ibn Zubayr ... placed three teak-wood columns in a single row. (p 20) The mosque at Kufa became so paradigmatic that later hypostyle mosques are generally known as Kufa- or Kufic-type mosques.

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