حسون

حسون
	Eurasian bullfinch (female above, male below)
التصنيف العلمي
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها):	Fringillidae
Subfamilies
	Fringillinae; Carduelinae; Euphoniinae

The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usually resident and do not migrate. They have a worldwide distribution except for Australia and the polar regions. The family includes species known as siskins, canaries, redpolls, serins, grosbeaks and euphonias.

Many birds in other families are also commonly called "finches". These groups include: the estrildid finches (Estrildidae) of the Old World tropics and Australia; some members of the Old World bunting family (Emberizidae) and the American sparrow family (Passerellidae); and the Darwin's finches of the Galapagos islands, now considered members of the tanager family (Thraupidae).^[1]

Finches and canaries were used in the UK, Canada and USA in the coal mining industry, to detect carbon monoxide from the eighteenth to twentieth century. This practice ceased in the UK in 1986.^[2]

Finch phylogeny

Fringilla chaffinches

Euphonia, Chlorophonia

Mycerobas, Hesperiphona, Coccothraustes and Eophona grosbeaks

	Hawaiian honeycreepers

	Carpodacus Eurasian rosefinches

	Pinicola pine grosbeak

	Pyrrhula bullfinches

	Rhodopechys crimson-winged finches

	Bucanetes trumpeter and the Mongolian finch

Agraphospiza Blanford's rosefinch

	Callacanthis spectacled finch

	Pyrrhoplectes golden-naped finch

	Procarduelis dark-breasted rosefinch

	Leucosticte mountain finches

Haemorhous North American rosefinches

	Rhodospiza desert finch

	Rhynchostruthus golden-winged grosbeaks

Chloris greenfinches

	Linurgus oriole finch

	Crithagra African canaries, serins and siskins

Linaria twite and linnets

	Acanthis redpolls

	Loxia crossbills

	Chrysocorythus mountain serin

	Carduelis European goldfinch etc

	Serinus European serin, Atlantic canary, etc

	Spinus North American goldfinches etc

Cladogram based on the analysis by Zuccon and colleagues published in 2012.^[3] The rosefinches genus Carpodacus is expanded to include the common rosefinch as suggested by Tietze and colleagues^[4] and adopted by the International Ornithological Committee.^[5]

List of genera

The family Fringillidae contains 228 species divided into 50 genera and three subfamilies. The subfamily Carduelinae includes 18 extinct Hawaiian honeycreepers and the extinct Bonin grosbeak.^[5]

Subfamily Fringillinae

Fringilla – contains the three species of chaffinch and the brambling

Subfamily Carduelinae

Mycerobas – contains the four Palearctic grosbeaks
Coccothraustes – contains three species
Eophona – contains the two oriental grosbeaks, the Chinese and the Japanese grosbeak
Pinicola – contains a single species, the pine grosbeak
Pyrrhula – contains the seven bullfinch species
Rhodopechys – contains two species, the Asian crimson-winged finch and the African crimson-winged finch
Bucanetes – contains the trumpeter and the Mongolian finch
Agraphospiza – contains a single species, Blanford's rosefinch
Callacanthis – contains a single species, the spectacled finch
Pyrrhoplectes – contains a single species, the golden-naped finch
Procarduelis – contains a single species, the dark-breasted rosefinch
Leucosticte – contains six species of mountain and rosy finches
Carpodacus – contains the 27 Palearctic rosefinch species
Hawaiian honeycreeper group (tribe Drepanidini)
- Melamprosops – contains a single critically endangered species, the poo-uli
- Paroreomyza – contains three species, the Oahu alauahio, the Maui alauahio and the extinct kakawahie
- Oreomystis – contains a single species, the akikiki
- Telespiza – contains four species, the Laysan finch, the Nihoa finch, and 2 prehistoric species
- Loxioides – contains 2 species, the palila and a prehistoric species
- Rhodacanthis – contains two recently extinct species, the lesser and the greater koa finch, and 2 prehistoric species
- Chloridops – contains a single extinct species, the Kona grosbeak
- Psittirostra – contains a single species, the ou
- Dysmorodrepanis – contains a single extinct species, the Lanai hookbill
- Drepanis – contains two extinct species, the Hawaii mamo and the black mamo, and the extant iiwi
- Ciridops – contains a single recently extinct species, the Ula-ai-hawane, and 3 prehistoric species
- Palmeria – contains a single species, the akohekohe
- Himatione – contains two species, the apapane and the extinct Laysan honeycreeper
- Viridonia – contains a single extinct species, the greater amakihi
- Akialoa – contains four recently extinct species, and 2 prehistoric species
- Hemignathus – contains four species, only one of which is extant
- Pseudonestor – contains a single species, the Maui parrotbill
- Magumma – contains a single species, the anianiau
- Loxops – contains five species, of which one is extinct
- Chlorodrepanis – contains three species, the Hawaii, Oahu and Kauai amakihi
Haemorhous – contains the three North America rosefinches
Chloris – contains the five greenfinches
Rhodospiza – contains a single species, the desert finch
Rhynchostruthus – contains the three golden-winged grosbeaks
Linurgus – contains a single species, the oriole finch
Crithagra – contains 37 species of canaries, serins and siskins from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula
Linaria – contains four species including the twite and three linnets
Acanthis – contains three redpolls
Loxia – contains six crossbills
Chrysocorythus – contains a single species, the mountain serin
Carduelis – contains three species including the European goldfinch
Serinus – contains eight species including the European serin
Spinus – contains 20 species including the North American goldfinches and the Eurasian siskin