المعرفة

كراي پريمورسكي

(تم التحويل من پريموريى)

كراي پريمورسكي (روسية: Примо́рский край; النطق الروسي: [prʲɪˈmorskʲɪj kraj]؛ إنگليزية: Primorsky Krai)، ويُعرف بشكل غير رسمي بإسم Primorye (Примо́рье؛ IPA: [prʲɪˈmorʲjə])، هي إحدى الكيانات الفدرالية في روسيا. city of Vladivostok is the administrative center of the krai, and the second largest city in the Russian Far East, after Khabarovsk. The krai has the largest economy among the federal subjects in the Russian Far East, and a population of 1,956,497 as of the 2010 Census.[8]

Primorsky Krai
كراي
Приморский край
علم Primorsky Krai
Flag
درع Primorsky Krai
Coat of arms
النشيد: none
Primorsky in Russia.svg
البلدروسيا
المنطقة الاتحاديةالشرق الأقصى[1]
المنطقة الاقتصاديةالشرق الأقصى[2]
تأسست20 أكتوبر 1938
المركز الاداريڤلاديڤوستوك[3]
الحكومة
 • الكيانLegislative Assembly[4]
 • الحاكم[6]ڤلاديمير ميكلوشيڤسكي[5]
المساحة
[7]
 • Total165٬900 كم² (64٬100 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة23rd
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[8]
 • Total1٬956٬497
 • Estimate 
(2018)
1٬913٬037 (−2٫2%)
 • الترتيب25th
 • الكثافة12/km2 (31/sq mi)
 • Urban
76٫1%
 • الريف
23٫9%
منطقة التوقيتUTC+10 (توقيت فلاديفوستوك Edit this on Wikidata[9])
ISO 3166 codeRU-PRI
لوحات السيارات25
OKTMO ID05000000
اللغات الرسميةالروسية[10]
الموقع الإلكترونيhttp://www.primorsky.ru/
Full coat of arms of Primorsky Krai

The krai shares Russia's only border with North Korea, along the Tumen River in Khasansky District in the southwestern corner of the krai. Peter the Great Gulf, the largest gulf in the Sea of Japan, is located along the south coast.

Historically part of Manchuria, Primorsky Krai was ceded to the Russian Empire by Qing China in 1860 as part of a region known as Russian Manchuria, forming most of the territory of Primorskaya Oblast. During the Russian Civil War it became part of the Far Eastern Republic before joining the Soviet Union, going through numerous changes until reaching its current form in 1938. Primorsky Krai is home to the Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet and is also known as the birthplace of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il.[11]

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أصل الاسم

The name of the krai is derived from the Russian words приморский (primorsky), meaning "littoral" or "coastal", and край (kray), meaning "region" or "area".[12][13][14] It is informally known as Primorye (Приморье, IPA: [prʲɪˈmorʲjɪ]) in Russian, and is occasionally translated as Maritime Territory in English.[12]


الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: جغرافيا كراي پريمورسكي
  • Border length — over 3,000 kilometers (1,864 mi), including 1,350 kilometers (839 mi) of the sea borders.
  • Highest peak — Anik Mountain, 1,933 meters (6,342 ft)
  • Rail network length — 1,628 kilometers (1,012 mi) (of which 345 kilometers (214 mi) are electrified).
  • Automobile road length — 12,633 kilometers (7,850 mi)

Primorsky Krai, bordered by China (Jilin and Heilongjiang), North Korea (Rason) and Khabarovsk Krai, and the relatively warm—although freezing in winter—waters of the Sea of Japan, is the southeasternmost region of Russia, located between the 42° and 48° north latitude and 130° and 139° east longitude. It is stretched in the meridianal direction, the distance from its extreme northern point to its most southerly point being about 900 kilometers (559 mi).

الطبوغرافيا

 
Ussuri River
 
Philippovsky Bay, Russky Island
 
Bikin National Park

Highlands dominate the territory of the krai. Most of the territory is mountainous, and almost 80% of it is forested. The average elevation is about 500 meters (1,640 ft). Sikhote-Alin is a mountainous formation, extending for the most part of the Krai. It consists of a number of parallel ranges: the Partizansky (Partisan), the Siny (Blue), the Kholodny (Cold), and others. There are many karst caves in the south of Primorye, including the relatively accessible Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave (the Sleeping Beauty) in the Ussuriysky Nature Preserve. There are comparatively well-preserved fragments of ancient volcanoes in the area.

The ranges are cut by the picturesque narrow and deep valleys of the rivers and by large brooks, such as the Partizanskaya, the Kiyevka, the Zerkalnaya, the Cheryomukhovaya, the Yedinka, the Samarga, the Bikin, and the Bolshaya Ussurka. Most rivers in the Krai have rocky bottoms and limpid water. The largest among them is the Ussuri, with a length of 903 kilometers (561 mi). The head of the Ussuri River originates 20 kilometers (12 mi) east of Oblachnaya Mountain. The vast Khanka Lowlands extend into the west and southwest of Primorye, carpeted by coniferous-deciduous forest. A part of the Lowland surrounding the largest lake in the Russian Far East, Khanka Lake, is occupied by a forest-steppe.

الساحل والجزر

The krai's coastline is fairly straight, except for the southernmost section around Vladivostok which contains the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula. There are numerous islands in this area, the main ones being Lisy Island, Askold Island, Putyatin Island, Skrebtsov island, Sibiryakov Island, the Eugénie Archipelago (the largest island of which being Russky Island), the Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago and Furugelm Island.

النبيت والوحيش

The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its flora. The territory of Primorye has not been subjected to the ice cover in the past in contrast to the rest of Siberia during the ice ages. The specifics of the geographical situation and the specific features of climate, determine the unique, diversity of the plant world at species and genetic levels and the richness of plant resources. In the flora of Primorye, there are more than two thousand species of higher plants, of which are about 250 species of trees, bushes, and ligneous lianas. Flora of mosses and lichens are very diverse. As part of the coastal flora, there are many valuable medicinal, technical and food plants, many relict and endemic species. About 200 species are listed in the IUCN Red List as rare and threatened extermination.

 
معظم أعداد النمر السيبيري الطليق في العالم يوجد في كراي پريمورسكي.
 
التلّان برات ("أخ") و سيسترا ("أخت") في جوار ناخودكا.

There are mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, and forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie, where many ancient plant species have been preserved, including ferns, lotus, and the Chosenia willow. The flora of the territory contains such plants as Taxus cuspidata, Juniperus rigida, Phellodendron amurense, Kalopanax, Aralia elata, Maackia amurensis, Alnus japonica, Actinidia kolomikta, Schisandra chinensis, Celastrus orbiculatus, Thladiantha dubia, Weigela, Eleutherococcus, Flueggea suffruticosa, Deutzia, Nelumbo nucifera, Betula schmidtii, Carpinus cordata, Acer mandshuricum, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis amurensis, Panax ginseng and many others.

The fauna of Primorye is also diverse. The following animals are found in the Krai: Ussuri black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Amur tiger, Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), wild boar (Sus scrofa), Manchurian deer (Cervus elaphus xanthopygos), Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), musk deer (Moschus moschiferus), long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus), sika deer (Cervus nippon), sable (Martes zibellina), Blakiston's fish owl (Bubo blakistoni), mandarinka duck (Aix galericulata), black stork (Ciconia nigra), scaly goosander (Mergus squamatus), chestnut-cheeked starling (Sturnia philippensis), black griffon (Aegypius monachus), large-winged cuckoo (family Cuculidae), and others. Among 690 species of birds inhabiting the territory of the former USSR, 350 are found in Primorye. Rich fisheries of salmon, Hucho taimen, lenok and marine fisheries of crab, pollock and other species make the aquatic and maritime environment a valuable resource for the region. However, the rich diversity of wildlife in Primorye is threatened by poaching and the illegal wildlife trade. Wildlife Conservation Society, World Wildlife Fund, Wild Salmon Center, and Russian NGOs including Phoenix Fund are active in the region's wildlife and habitat conservation.

المناخ

التقسيم الإداري

وتحوي المدن والقرى التالية:

الثروات الطبيعية

المقالة الرئيسية: Natural resources of Primorsky Krai


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الديمغرافيا

الديمغرافيا في الماضي

As a part of Qing Empire, a few Tungusic and Paleosiberian peoples lived here prior to Russian colonization: Udeges, Nanais, Nivkhs, Orochs, Ulchs, Oroks, and Manchus.

الديمغرافيا المعاصرة

Population: According to the 2010 Census, the population of the krai is 1,956,497,[8] down from 2,071,210 recorded in the 2002 Census,[16] and further down from 2,258,391 recorded in the 1989 Census.[17] Due to its geographical location, the krai boasts a mixture of not only ethnic Russians, but also Koreans, ألمان الڤولگا، بوريات، Nanais, and Orochs. The indigenous Udege and their sub-minority, the Taz, are the region's aboriginals.

الجماعات العرقية

In the 2010 Census, the following ethnic groups were listed:[8]

معدل الخصوبة الإجمالي:[19]
2009 - 1.51 | 2010 - 1.49 | 2011 - 1.53 | 2012 - 1.65 | 2013 - 1.68(e)

Average life expectancy in 1994 — 62.5 years (male — 56.8, female — 69.4).

الديانة

الديانات في كراي پريمورسكي (2012)[20][21]

  Russian Orthodox (26.6%)
  Unaffiliated Christian (6%)
  Rodnover (1%)
  Other Orthodox (1%)
  Atheist (35%)
  Spiritual but not religious (24%)
  Other or undeclared (6.4%)

According to a 2012 official survey[20] 26.6% of the population of Primorsky Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 6% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% adheres to other Orthodox Churches, and 1% of the population adheres to Slavic Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism). In addition, 24% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 35% is atheist, and 6.4% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[20]

Meteorite

The krai is the location of the massive Sikhote-Alin meteorite, which fell February 12, 1947, in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, near the village of Paseka (approximately 440 km northeast of Vladivostok). [بحاجة لمصدر]

المقاطعات الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (گوستاندارت of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER).
  3. ^ قالب:RussiaBasicLawRef/pri
  4. ^ Charter, Article 8.3.1
  5. ^ Regnum.ru. Медведев принял отставку губернатора Приморья Дарькина (بالروسية)
  6. ^ Charter, Article 8.4
  7. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in الروسية). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  9. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in الروسية). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  10. ^ الرسمية في جميع أرجاء روسيا الاتحادية حسب الفقرة 68.1 من دستور روسيا.
  11. ^ "Kim Jong Il, leader of North Korea, dies | HISTORY".
  12. ^ أ ب "Primorye | kray, Russia". Encyclopedia Britannica (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-09-12.
  13. ^ "приморский translations and declension". en.openrussian.org. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
  14. ^ "край translations, 37 examples and declension". en.openrussian.org. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
  15. ^ "Climate Primorsky Krai: Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Primorsky Krai - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  16. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  17. ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года[All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  18. ^ http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
  19. ^ http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312
  20. ^ أ ب ت Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  21. ^ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  22. ^ Alberta-Korea trade

المصادر

  • №14-КЗ 6 октября 1995 г. «Устав Приморского края», в ред. Закона №359-КЗ от 18 декабря 2008 г. (#14-KZ October 6, 1995 Charter of Primorsky Krai, as amended by the Law #359-KZ of December 18, 2008).
  • А. Р.  Артёмьев и др. "История Российского Приморья". Дальнаука, 1998.
    (A. R. Artyomyev et al. History of Russian Primorye. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1998)
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