المعرفة

هراقليس

هذا المقال هو عن the Greek mythic hero. إذا كنت تريد the Roman mythological analogue، انظر Hercules. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر Heracles (disambiguation).

Heracles (تــُنطـَق /ˈhɛrəkliːz/ HERR-ə-kleez; باليونانية: Ἡρακλῆς, Hēraklēs, from Hēra, "Hera", and kleos, "glory"[1]), born Alcaeus[2] (Ἀλκαῖος, Alkaios) or Alcides[3] (Αλκείδης, Alkeidēs), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus (Ζεύς) and Alcmene, foster son of Amphitryon[4] and great-grandson (and half-brother) of Perseus (Περσεύς). He was the greatest of the Greek heroes, a paragon of masculinity, the ancestor of royal clans who claimed to be Heracleidae (Ἡρακλεῖδαι) and a champion of the Olympian order against chthonic monsters. In Rome and the modern West, he is known as Hercules, with whom the later Roman Emperors, in particular Commodus and Maximian, often identified themselves. The Romans adopted the Greek version of his life and works essentially unchanged, but added anecdotal detail of their own, some of it linking the hero with the geography of the Central Mediterranean. Details of his cult were adapted to Rome as well.

Statue of Heracles, one of the most famous depictions of him originally by Lysippos (Marble, Roman copy called Hercules Farnese, 216 CE)

ولد هرقل في طيبة. وكان ابن الأميرة ألكمين، وزيوس، ملك الآلهة كما تزعم الأسطورة. وكانت هيرا، زوجة زيوس غيورة من إلكمين وكرهت هرقل. وقد اضطهدت هرقل طوال حياته.

وعندما كان هرقل طفلاً، أرسلت هيرا من يقتله. إلا أن هرقل فطن لهذا. وكان هرقل شاباً واسع الخيال وكان أمام خيارين؛ إما الحياة السهلة والسرور، أو حياة صعبة وخطرة ونصر، وفضيلة. وقد اختار الحياة الأكثر صعوبة ـ لكنها فاضلة. كلف بالقيام باثنتي عشرة مهمة خارقة فأنجزها وأصبح حرًا طليقًا. وزعموا أنه صعد بعد موته إلى جبل الاوليمپس وأصبح إلهًا. [5]


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Cult

Temple to Heracles in Agrigento

The ancient Greeks celebrated the festival of the Herakleia, which commemorated the death of Heracles, on the second day of the month of Metageitnion (which would fall in late July or early August). What is believed to be an Egyptian Temple of Heracles in the Bahariya Oasis dates to 21 BC.


Myths

Birth and childhood

 
Herakles as a boy strangling a snake. (Marble, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE)

Youth

Labours of Heracles

 
The fight of Heracles and the Nemean lion is one of his most famous feats. (Side B from an black-figure Attic amphora, ca. 540 BCE)
 
His 11th feat was to capture the apple of Hesperides (Gilded bronze, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE)
المقالة الرئيسية: Labours of Hercules


Not all writers gave the labors in the same order. Apollodorus (2.5.1-2.5.12) gives the following order:

  1. To kill the Nemean lion.
  2. To destroy the Lernaean Hydra.
  3. To capture the Ceryneian Hind.
  4. To capture the Erymanthian Boar.
  5. To clean the Augean Stables.
  6. To kill the Stymphalian Birds.
  7. To capture the Cretan Bull.
  8. To round up the Mares of Diomedes.
  9. To steal the Girdle of Hippolyte.
  10. To herd the Cattle of Geryon.
  11. To fetch the Apples of Hesperides.
  12. To capture Cerberus.


Other adventures

 
Heracles killing the giant Antaeus

Women

 
The topos of Heracles suckling at Hera's breast was especially popular in Magna Graecia, here on a mid-4th century Apulian painted vase; Etruscan mythology adopted this iconic image


عشاقه الرجال

 
Heracles and Iolaus (Fountain mosaic from the Anzio Nymphaeum)


Children

 
Heracles and his child Telephos. (Marble, Roman copy of the 1st–2nd century CE)
المقالة الرئيسية: Heracleidae

Telephus is the son of Heracles and Auge.

Death

 
Hercules killing Centaur Nessus. (marble by Giambologna, Florence)


في روما

هراقليس في الثقافات الأخرى

 
Hellenistic-era depiction of the Zoroastrian divinity Bahram as Hercules carved in 153 B.C. at Kermanshah, Iran.
 
The protector Vajrapani of the Buddha is another incarnation of Heracles (Gandhara, 1st century CE)
انظر أيضاً: Hercules in popular culture

Via the Greco-Buddhist culture, Heraclean symbolism was transmitted to the far east. An example remains to this day in the Nio guardian deities in front of Japanese Buddhist temples. Herodotus connected Heracles both to Phoenician god Melqart and to the Egyptian god Shu. Temples dedicated to Heracles abounded all along the Mediterranean coastal countries. For example the temple of Heracles Monoikos (i.e. the lone dweller), built far from any nearby town upon a promontory in what is now the Côte d'Azur, gave its name to the area's more recent name, Monaco.

The gateway to the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic ocean, where the southernmost tip of Spain and the northernmost of Morocco face each other, is, classically speaking, referred to as the Pillars of Hercules/Heracles, owing to the story that he set up two massive spires of stone to stabilise the area and ensure the safety of ships sailing between the two landmasses.

Organisations named after Heracles include the Greek football team Iraklis F.C..

Heracles was canonized by Aleister Crowley as a saint in Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica.


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الحسب[6]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
زيوس
 
دنائ
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
پرسيوس
 
أندرومدا
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Perses
 
 
Alcaeus
 
Hipponome
 
 
 
 
 
Electryon
 
Anaxo
 
 
Sthenelus
 
Menippe
 
 
Mestor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anaxo
 
 
أمفيتريون
 
ألكمنه
 
زيوس
 
 
 
Licymnius
 
 
 
اوريثسيوس
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
إفيكلس
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
مگارا
 
Heracles
 
ديانيرا
 
هبه
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ايولاوس
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Children
 
 
Hyllus
 
Macaria
 
Others


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انظر أيضاً

Other figures in Greek mythology punished by the gods include:

الهامش

  1. ^ Becking, Bob, et al.. Dictionary of deities and demons. ed. Toorn,Karel van der. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 1999
  2. ^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Alceides". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 98.
  3. ^ Apollodorus, ii. 4. § 12
  4. ^ (Ἀμφιτρύων). By his adoptive descent through Ampitryon, Heracles receives the epithet Alcides, as "of the line of Alcaeus", father of Amphitryon. Amphitryon's own, mortal son was Iphicles.
  5. ^ "هرقل". الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة.
  6. ^ Morford, M.P.O, Lenardon R.J.(2007)Classical Mythology. pp. 865 Oxford: Oxford University Press.

المصادر المعاصرة

  • Kerenyi, Karl (1959). The Heroes of the Greeks. New York/London: Thames and Hudson.

الهامش

للاستزادة

  • Padilla, Mark W. (1998). "Herakles and Animals in the Origins of Comedy and Satyr Drama". In Le Bestiaire d'Héraclès: IIIe Rencontre héracléenne, edited by Corinne Bonnet, Colette Jourdain-Annequin, and Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, 217-30. Kernos Suppl. 7. Liège: Centre International d'Etude de la Religion Grecque Antique.
  • Padilla, Mark W. (1998). "The Myths of Herakles in Ancient Greece: Survey and Profile". Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.

وصلات خارجية

الكلمات الدالة:
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