المعرفة

نوڤوروسييسك

(تم التحويل من نوفوروسيسك)
For other uses, see نوڤوروسييسك (توضيح).

نوڤوروسييسك (روسية: Новороссийск; النطق الروسي: [nəvərɐˈsʲijsk]، Novorossiysk)، هي مدينة في كراي كراسنودار، روسيا. وتعتبر أهم ميناء بالبلاد على البحر الأسود والميناء الروسي الرئيسي لتصدير الحبوب. وهي واحدة من المدن القليلة المكرمة بلقب مدينة بطلة. تعداد سكانها: 241,952 (تعداد 2010);[2] 232,079 (تعداد 2002);[6] 185,938 (تعداد 1989).[7]

نوڤوروسييسك
Новороссийск
Novorossiysk
مدينة[1]
تجاه عقارب الساعة من أعلى: برج تلفزيون نوڤوروسييسك، ميدان لنين، ميناء المدينة، شاطئ پرومناد، النصب التذكاري للحرب التركية.
تجاه عقارب الساعة من أعلى: برج تلفزيون نوڤوروسييسك، ميدان لنين، ميناء المدينة، شاطئ پرومناد، النصب التذكاري للحرب التركية.
علم نوڤوروسييسك
Flag
درع نوڤوروسييسك
Coat of arms
Location of نوڤوروسييسك
نوڤوروسييسك is located in كراي كراسنودار
نوڤوروسييسك
نوڤوروسييسك
Location of نوڤوروسييسك
نوڤوروسييسك is located in روسيا الأوروپية
نوڤوروسييسك
نوڤوروسييسك
نوڤوروسييسك (روسيا الأوروپية)
نوڤوروسييسك is located in أوروپا
نوڤوروسييسك
نوڤوروسييسك
نوڤوروسييسك (أوروپا)
الإحداثيات: 44°43′N 37°45′E / 44.717°N 37.750°E / 44.717; 37.750Coordinates: 44°43′N 37°45′E / 44.717°N 37.750°E / 44.717; 37.750
البلدروسيا
الكيان الاتحاديKrasnodar Krai[1]
Founded1838
الحكومة
 • العمدةڤلاديمير سينياگوڤسكي
المنسوب
10 m (30 ft)
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[2]
 • الإجمالي241٬952
 • Estimate 
(2018)
273٬278 (+12٫9%)
 • الترتيب76 in 2010
 • Subordinated toمدينة نوڤوروسييسك[1]
 • Capital ofمدينة نوڤوروسييسك[1]
 • Urban okrugاوكروگ نوڤوروسييسك الحضري[3]
 • Capital ofاوكروگ نوڤوروسييسك الحضري[3]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+ ([4])
Postal code(s)[5]
353900–353903, 353905–353907, 353909–353913, 353915–353925, 353960, 353999
Dialing code(s)+7 8617
OKTMO ID03720000001
مدينة Day12 سبتمبر
الموقع الإلكترونيadmnvrsk.ru

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التاريخ

 
نظرة عامة على نوڤوروسييسك، أغسطس 2010.
 
"خريطة البرزخ القوقازي". صممها ورسمها ج. گراسل، 1856.

In antiquity, the shores of the Tsemes Bay were the site of Bata (باليونانية: Μπάτα), an ancient Greek colony that specialized in the grain trade. It is mentioned in the works of Strabo[8] and Ptolemy, among others.

Following brief periods of Roman and Khazar control, from the 9th century onwards, the area was part of the Byzantine θέμα Χερσῶνος Thema Khersonos (مقاطعة خرسون).

During the 11th century, the area was overrun and controlled by nomads from the Eurasian steppe, led by the Cumans. Later that century, the Byzantine emperor Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) was approached by Anglo-Saxon refugees, who had left England following the Norman conquest. Alexios offered land to these refugees in Thema Khersonos if they could recapture it from the nomads and there is contemporaneous evidence that a Byzantine-English colony was subsequently founded. For example, medieval nautical charts mention place names on the Kuban coast with possible English origins, including a port (located within or near the future site of Novorossiysk) known as Susaco (or Susacho) – a name that may have been derived from Sussex.[9] (The same maps also show, north-west of Susaco, a river Londia, which may derive its name from London.[9])

In the 15th century, Genoese merchants from the Ghisolfi family maintained a trade outpost in the area. Archaeological investigation of related sites is in its infancy, but some interesting items have already been uncovered.[10]

From 1722, the bay was controlled by an Ottoman fortress (qale) named Sujuk (also transliterated Sudzhuk, Sudschuk and Soğucak). This name may be derived from Susaco (see above) and, as late as 1769, the area was sometimes named in European maps as Suzako.

The coastline was ceded to Russia in 1829 as a result of the Russo-Turkish War. After this, admirals Mikhail Lazarev and Nikolay Raevsky founded an eastern base for the Black Sea Fleet on the shore in 1838. Named after the province of Novorossiya,[بحاجة لمصدر] the port formed a vital link in the chain of forts known as the Black Sea Coastal Line, which stretched south to Sochi.

During the rest of the 19th century, Novorossiysk developed rapidly. It was granted city status in 1866 and became the capital of the Black Sea Governorate, the smallest in the Russian Empire, in 1896. In December 1905, the city was the seat of the short-lived Novorossiysk Republic. From August 26, 1918 until March 27, 1920, Novorossiysk was the principal center of Denikin's White Army. Denikin's South Russian Government was moved to Crimea and many Whites escaped from Novorossiysk to Constantinople during the Evacuation of Novorossiysk (1920).

Most of the town was occupied by the German and Romanian Armies on September 10, 1942.[11] A small unit of Soviet sailors defended one part of the town, known as Malaya Zemlya, for 225 days beginning on February 4, 1943, and the town was liberated by the Red Army on September 16, 1943. The heroic defense of the port by the sailors allowed the Soviets to retain possession of the city's bay, which prevented the Axis from using the port for supply shipments. Novorossiysk was awarded the title Hero City in 1973.

In 1960, the town was commemorated in Dmitri Shostakovich's work Novorossiysk Chimes, the Flame of Eternal Glory (Opus 111b).

In 2003, President Vladimir Putin signed a decree setting up a naval base for the Black Sea Fleet in Novorossiysk. Russia has allocated 12.3 billion rubles (about $480 million) for the construction of the new base between 2007 and 2012. The construction of other facilities and infrastructure at the base, including units for coastal troops, aviation and logistics, will continue beyond 2012.[12] Russia planned to move the Black Sea Fleet with 80 warships and its headquarters from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk base within 2020.[13]

The Russian lease on port facilities in Sevastopol, which, though the main base of Russia's Black Sea Fleet, was part of Ukraine, was set to expire in 2017.[14] Ukraine was reported to be planning to not renew the lease; however, in April 2010 the Russian and Ukrainian presidents signed an agreement to extend the lease by twenty-five years, with an option of further extension of five years after the new term expires.[15] However, in 2014, Crimea was occupied by the Russian Armed Forces during the 2014 Crimean crisis and as such the question of renewing the lease does not immediately arise while Crimea remains de facto part of the territory of the Russian Federation.


الوضع الاداري والمحلي

في إطار التقسيمات الادارية، فنوڤوروسييسك، برفقة أربعة وعشرين محلية ريفية، تم دمجها كمدينة نوڤوروسييسك-وحدة ادارية بحالة مكافئة للمقاطعات.[1] As a municipal division, the City of Novorossiysk is incorporated as Novorossiysk Urban Okrug.[3]

الجغرافيا

المناخ

تتمع نوڤوروسييسك بمناخ شبه استوائي رطب (تصنيف كوپن للمناخ).

بيانات مناخ نوڤوروسييسك (1936-1987)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 22.8
(73) 		21.0
(69.8) 		25.0
(77) 		28.0
(82.4) 		31.8
(89.2) 		38.0
(100.4) 		39.0
(102.2) 		36.1
(97) 		34.0
(93.2) 		30.0
(86) 		28.0
(82.4) 		25.0
(77) 		39٫0
(102٫2)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 6.4
(43.5) 		6.7
(44.1) 		10.0
(50) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.7
(81.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		17.3
(63.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		16٫9
(62٫4)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 3.2
(37.8) 		3.8
(38.8) 		6.6
(43.9) 		11.6
(52.9) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.9
(75) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.0
(66.2) 		13.5
(56.3) 		9.6
(49.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		13٫4
(56٫1)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 0.0
(32) 		0.8
(33.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.0
(50) 		6.5
(43.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		10٫0
(50)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -18.0
(-0.4) 		-17.0
(1.4) 		-12.2
(10) 		-5.0
(23) 		1.1
(34) 		2.0
(35.6) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.0
(50) 		4.7
(40.5) 		-2.0
(28.4) 		-6.1
(21) 		-12.0
(10.4) 		−18٫0
(−0٫4)
هطول mm (inches) 125.6
(4.945) 		76.4
(3.008) 		71.4
(2.811) 		46.8
(1.843) 		40.8
(1.606) 		37.2
(1.465) 		41.1
(1.618) 		48.3
(1.902) 		56.2
(2.213) 		65.6
(2.583) 		73.9
(2.909) 		149.5
(5.886) 		833٫1
(32٫799)
[بحاجة لمصدر]

الاقتصاد

The city sprawls along the shore of the non-freezing Tsemess Bay, which has been recognized since antiquity as one of the superior bays of the Black Sea.

The Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port–with the market capitalization of $1,110,000,000 and shares listed at Moscow Exchange and London Stock Exchange–serves Russian sea trade with regions of Asia, Middle East, Africa, Mediterranean, and South America. It is the busiest oil port in the Black Sea and the terminus of the pipeline from the Tengiz Field, developed by the Caspian Pipeline Consortium.[16]

Novorossiysk is also an industrial city, dependent on steel, food processing, and the production of metal goods and other manufactures. Extensive limestone quarries supply important cement factories in and around the city. The town is home to the Maritime State Academy[17] and Novorossiysk Polytechnic Institute.[18]

النقل

 
صورة پانورامية للميناء.

الرياضة

يلعب نادي تشرنومورتس نوڤوروسييسك لكرة القدم، فريق كرة قدم المدينة، في تقسيم الدرجة الأولى الروسي.

الضواحي

مباني ومنشآت

 
ميناء نوڤوروسييسك.
 
صورة پانورامية لخليج تسمس.


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مشاهير المدينة

مدن شقيقة

انظر أيضاً: قائمة المدن والبلدات الشقيقة لروسيا

نوڤوروسييسك على توأمة مع:[19]

المصادر

الهوامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Reference Information #34.01-707/13-03
  2. ^ أ ب Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ أ ب ت Law #686-KZ
  4. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
  6. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров.[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ^ 11.2.14 http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:11.2.14
  9. ^ أ ب Green, Caitlin (19 May 2015). "The medieval 'New England': a forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  10. ^ "Официальный сайт администрации города-героя Новороссийска - Content". May 25, 2007. Archived from the original on May 25, 2007.
  11. ^ Robert Forczyk, The Caucasus 1942–43: Kleist’s race for oil
  12. ^ "Novorossiysk Naval Base Construction: First Phase to Finish Late in 2013".
  13. ^ Oğuz, Şafak (May 1, 2017). "Russian Hybrid Warfare and Its Implications in The Black Sea". Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi. 1 (1): 11. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021 – via Paperity.org. {{cite journal}}: External link in |via= (help)
  14. ^ Michael J. Strauss (January 9, 2009). "And when the lease on Sevastopol expires?". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  15. ^ The Great Power (mis)Management by Alexander Astrov, Ashgate Publishing, 2011, ISBN 1409424677 (page 82)
  16. ^ Davydovich, Anna; Karamova, Aida; Fesenko, Olesya; Anisimova, Nina (2020). "Transport and logistics infrastructure of the Krasnodar Krai: Problems and solutions". E3S Web of Conferences. 164: 07007. Bibcode:2020E3SWC.16407007D. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202016407007. S2CID 218950016.
  17. ^ "Главная". www.aumsu.ru. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  18. ^ "Home". nbkstu.org.ru. Archived from the original on March 9, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2006.
  19. ^ Международные Связи - Администрация муниципального образования город-герой Новороссийск (in Russian). Retrieved December 21, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  20. ^ "Plymouth - Town Twinning". Plymouth City Council. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
  21. ^ "Međunarodna suradnja Grada Pule". Grad Pula (in Croatian and Italian). Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2013-07-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

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