المعرفة

ميكماك

هذا المقال هو عن the people. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر ميكماك (توضيح).

الميكماك (بالإنگليزية Micmac أو Mìgmaq أو Mi'gmaq) هم من قبال السكان الأصليين لشمالي أمريكا. استوطنوا مناطق نيو إنگلند، مقاطعات كندا الأطلسية وهضبة گاسبي في الكيبيك. عددهم 40 الف نسمة وثلثهم يتكلمون لغة ألگونكوين المعروفة بالنيوسيمك والتي كانت تستعمل الكلمات التصويرية.

Miꞌkmaq
Lnu
Mikmaq State Flag (vertical).svg
Grand Council Flag of the Miꞌkmaq Nation.[1] Although the flag is meant to be displayed hanging vertically as shown here, it is quite commonly flown horizontally, with the star near the upper hoist.
Mi'kmaq people at Tufts Cove, Nova Scotia, Canada, ca. 1871.jpg
A Miꞌkmaw father and child at Tufts Cove, Nova Scotia, around 1871
إجمالي التعداد
168,480 (2016 census)[2]
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
(Mi'kma'ki, Dawnland)
Canada, United States (Maine)
Newfoundland and Labrador36,470
Nova Scotia34,130
Ontario32,095
Quebec25,230
New Brunswick18,525
British Columbia6,410
Prince Edward Island2,330
اللغات
English, Miꞌkmaq, French
الدين
Miꞌkmaq traditionalism and spirituality, Christianity, others
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
Algonquian people, Abenaki, Beothuk, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Penobscot

Miꞌkmaq (also Mi'gmaq, Lnu, Miꞌkmaw or Miꞌgmaw; بالإنگليزية /ˈmɪɡmɑː/; Miꞌkmaq: [miːɡmaɣ])[3][4][5] are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas now known as Canada's Atlantic Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as the northeastern region of Maine. They call their national territory Miꞌkmaꞌki (or Miꞌgmaꞌgi). The nation has a population of about 170,000 (including 18,044 members in the recently formed Qalipu First Nation in Newfoundland[6][7]), of whom nearly 11,000 speak Miꞌkmaq, an Eastern Algonquian language.[8][9] Once written in Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing, it is now written using most letters of the Latin alphabet.

The Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Pasamaquoddy nations, whose traditional lands are in the Atlantic region of what is now Canada, signed a series of treaties known as the Covenant Chain of Peace and Friendship Treaties with the British Crown throughout the eighteenth century; the first was signed in 1725, and the last in 1779. They did not cede or give up their land title or other rights through these Peace and Friendship Treaties.[10] The landmark 1999 Supreme Court of Canada decision in R v Marshall upheld the 1752 Peace and Friendship Treaty "which promised Indigenous Peoples the right to hunt and fish their lands and establish trade."[11]

The Miꞌkmaw Grand Council is the official authority that engages in consultation with the Canadian federal government and the provincial government of Nova Scotia, as established by the historic August 30, 2010 agreement with the Miꞌkmaq Nation, resulting from the Miꞌkmaq–Nova Scotia–Canada Tripartite Forum.[12] This collaborative agreement, which includes all the First Nations within the province of Nova Scotia, was the first in Canadian history.[12] Historically the Santé Mawiómi, or Grand Council, which was made up of chiefs of the district councils of Miꞌkmaꞌki, was the traditional senior level of government for the Miꞌkmaw people. The 1876 Indian Act disrupted that authority, by requiring First Nations to establish representative elected governments and attempting to limit the Council's role to spiritual guidance.[13][14]

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Grand Council Santé Mawiómi

Miꞌkmaq language

المقالة الرئيسية: Miꞌkmaq language


Hieroglyphic writing

The Mi'kmaq language was written using Miꞌkmaq hieroglyphic writing. Today it is written mainly using letters of the Latin alphabet.


الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: ميكماكي and Dawnland
 
Miꞌkmaꞌki: Divided into seven districts. Not shown is Taqamgug/Tagamuk, the eighth district that includes the entire island of Newfoundland.[15] Taqamgug was historically part of Onamag before the 1800s.

Miꞌkmaw Country, known as Miꞌkmaꞌki, is traditionally divided into seven districts. Prior to the imposition of the Indian Act, each district had its own independent government and boundaries. The independent governments had a district chief and a council. The council members were band chiefs, elders, and other worthy community leaders. The district council was charged with performing all the duties of any independent and free government by enacting laws, justice, apportioning fishing and hunting grounds, making war and suing for peace.

المقاطعات

The eight Miꞌkmaw districts (including Ktaqmkuk which is often not counted) are Epekwitk aq Piktuk (Epegwitg aq Pigtug), Eskikewaꞌkik (Esgeꞌgewaꞌgi), Kespek (Gespeꞌgewaꞌgi), Kespukwitk (Gespugwitg), Siknikt (Signigtewaꞌgi), Sipekniꞌkatik (Sugapuneꞌgati), Ktaqmkuk (Gtaqamg), and Unamaꞌkik (Unamaꞌgi). The orthography between parentheses is the Listuguj orthography used in the Gespeꞌgewaꞌgi area.


العلاقات الفدرالية والمقاطعية مع ميكماك

Dispute over rights-based inshore lobster fishery (2020–present)

Dispute over rights-based inshore lobster fishery
التاريخSeptember 2020 - ongoing
المكان
Canada
السببMiꞌkmaq exercising their treaty rights to fish
الوضعongoing
أطراف الصراع الأهلي
Miꞌkmaq
Commercial fishers
الخسائر
المتهمون23


 
Monument to the Treaty of 1752, Shubenacadie First Nation, Nova Scotia

Gabriel Sylliboy was the first Miꞌkmaw elected as grand chief in 1919 and the first to fight for treaty recognition - specifically, the Treaty of 1752 - in the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia.


Gallery of images from the 19th century


First Nation subdivisions

Miꞌkmaw names in the following table are spelled according to several orthographies. The Miꞌkmaw orthographies in use are Miꞌkmaw pictographs, the orthography of Silas Tertius Rand, the Pacifique orthography, and the most recent Smith-Francis orthography. The latter has been adopted throughout Nova Scotia and in most Miꞌkmaw communities.

Community Province/State Town/Reserve Est. Pop. Miꞌkmaw name
Abegweit First Nation   جزيرة الأمير إدوارد Scotchfort, Rocky Point, Morell 396 Epekwitk
Acadia First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Yarmouth 996 Malikiaq
Annapolis Valley First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Cambridge Station 219 Kampalijek
Aroostook Band of Micmac   مين Presque Isle 920 Ulustuk
Bear River First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Bear River 272 Lsetkuk
Buctouche First Nation   نيو برنزويك Buctouche 80 Puktusk
Burnt Church First Nation   نيو برنزويك Esgenoôpetitj 14 1,488 Eskinuopitijk
Chapel Island First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Chapel Island 576 Potlotek
Eel Ground First Nation   نيو برنزويك Eel Ground 844 Natuaqanek
Eel River Bar First Nation   نيو برنزويك Eel River Bar 589 Ugpiꞌganjig
Elsipogtog First Nation   نيو برنزويك Big Cove 3000+ Lsipuktuk
Eskasoni First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Eskasoni 4,400+ Wékistoqnik
Fort Folly First Nation   نيو برنزويك Dorchester 105 Amlamkuk Kwesawék
Micmacs of Gesgapegiag   كويبك Gesgapegiag 1,174 Keskapekiaq
Nation Micmac de Gespeg   كويبك Fontenelle 490 Kespék
Glooscap First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Hantsport 360 Pesikitk
Indian Island First Nation   نيو برنزويك Indian Island 145 Lnui Menikuk
Lennox Island First Nation   جزيرة الأمير إدوارد Lennox Island 700 Lnui Mnikuk
Listuguj Miꞌgmaq First Nation   كويبك Listuguj Miꞌgmaq First Nation 3,166 Listikujk
Membertou First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Sydney 1,051 Maupeltuk
Metepenagiag Miꞌkmaq Nation   نيو برنزويك Red Bank 527 Metepnákiaq
Miawpukek First Nation   نيوفاوندلاند ولبرادور Conne River 2,366 Miawpukwek
Qalipu Miꞌkmaq First Nation Band   نيوفاوندلاند ولبرادور Newfoundland and Labrador 21,429[6] Qalipu[17][18]
Millbrook First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Truro 1400 Wékopekwitk
Pabineau First Nation   نيو برنزويك Bathurst 214 Kékwapskuk
Paqꞌtnkek First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Paq'tnkek 500 Paq'tnkek
Pictou Landing First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Trenton 547 Puksaqtéknékatik
Sipekneꞌkatik First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Indian Brook (Shubenacadie) 2,120 Sipekníkatik
Wagmatcook First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Wagmatcook 623 Waqmitkuk
Waycobah First Nation   نوڤا سكوشيا Whycocomagh 900 Wékoqmáq


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الديمغرافيا

السنة التعداد التحقق
1500      4,500 تقدير
1600      3,000 تقدير
1700      2,000 تقدير
1750      3,000[19] Estimation
1800      3,100 Estimation
1900      4,000 Census
1940      5,000 Census
1960      6,000 Census
1972    10,000 Census
1998    15,000 SIL
2006    20,000 Census

The pre-contact population is estimated at 3,000–30,000.[20] In 1616, Father Biard believed the Miꞌkmaw population to be in excess of 3,000, but he remarked that, because of European diseases, there had been large population losses during the 16th century. Smallpox and other endemic European infectious diseases, to which the Miꞌkmaq had no immunity, wars and alcoholism led to a further decline of the native population. It reached its lowest point in the middle of the 17th century. Then the numbers grew slightly again, before becoming apparently stable during the 19th century. During the 20th century, the population was on the rise again. The average growth from 1965 to 1970 was about 2.5%.

Maps

Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the Wabanaki Confederacy (from north to south):

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ "Flags of the World". Archived from the original on 2017-07-04. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
  2. ^ "Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73)". www12.statcan.gc.ca (in الإنجليزية). Government of Canada. 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2017-11-23.
  3. ^ "Native Languages of the Americas: Mi'kmaq Language (Mi'kmaw, Micmac, Mikmaq, Mikmak)". Native-Languages.org. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  4. ^ Lockerby, Earle (2004). "Ancient Miꞌkmaq Customs: A Shaman's Revelations" (PDF). The Canadian Journal of Native Studies. 24 (2): 403–423. see page 418, note 2
  5. ^ Sock, S., & Paul-Gould, S. (2011). Best Practices and Challenges in Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet/Wolastoqi Language Immersion Programs.
  6. ^ أ ب "Programs and Services". Qalipu.ca.
  7. ^ "Thousands of Qalipu Miꞌkmaq applicants rejected again", CBC, Dec 08, 2017.
  8. ^ "Table 1: Indigenous Languages Spoken in the United States (by Language)". YourDictionary.
  9. ^ contenu, English name of the content author / Nom en anglais de l'auteur du. "English title / Titre en anglais". www12.statcan.ca. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ Bernard, Tim; Rosenmeier, Leah Morine; Farrell, Sharon L., eds. (2015). Mi'kmawe'l Tan Teli-kina'muemk Teaching About the Mi'kmaq (PDF). The Mi’kmawey Debert Cultural Centre. p. 106.
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة CBC_Bunsale_20201018
  12. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة TripartiteForum1997
  13. ^ Julien, Donald M. (October 2007). Kekina'muek (learning)Learning about the Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia (PDF). Eastern Woodland Print Communication. p. 11. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  14. ^ "Mi'kmaq Historical Overview". Cape Breton University. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  15. ^ Jeddore, John Nick (August 25, 2011). "There were no Indians here ..." TheIndependent.ca.
  16. ^ "Explore the Royal Collection Online". www.rct.uk.
  17. ^ "Government of Canada Announces the Creation of the Qalipu First Nation Band' by Marketwire". Retrieved Jul 31, 2020.
  18. ^ "Press Release September 26, 2011". Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved Jul 31, 2020.
  19. ^ Massachusetts Historical Society; John Davis Batchelder Collection (Library of Congress) (8 June 1792). Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Boston : The Society – via Internet Archive.
  20. ^ "Micmac". www.dickshovel.com.

Further reading

  • Davis, Stephen A. (1998). Míkmaq: Peoples of the Maritimes. Nimbus Publishing.
  • Joe, Rita; Choyce, Lesley (2005). The Míkmaq Anthology. Nimbus Publishing. ISBN 1-895900-04-2.
  • Johnston, A.J.B.; Francis, Jesse (2013). Niꞌn na L'nu: The Miꞌkmaq of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown: Acorn Press. ISBN 978-1-894838-93-1.
  • Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Prins, Harald E. L. (1996). The Míkmaq: Resistance, Accommodation, and Cultural Survival. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology. Wadsworth.
  • Speck, Frank (1922). Beothuk and Micmac.
  • Whitehead, Ruth Holmes (2004). The Old Man Told Us: Excerpts from Míkmaq History 1500-1950. Nimbus Publishing. ISBN 0-921054-83-1.

Archival primary references

In chronological order


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Documentary film

  • Our Lives in Our Hands (Míkmaq basketmakers and potato diggers in northern Maine, 1986) [1]
  • British Radio Documentary on the Miꞌkmaq Community at Millbrook nr Truro Recorded by Terry Mechan June 2012 [2]

External links

قالب:Aboriginal peoples in Quebec

الكلمات الدالة:
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