المعرفة

مكوك الفضاء إنترپرايز

Coordinates: 40°45′53″N 74°00′03″W / 40.764832°N 74.000763°W / 40.764832; -74.000763

Space Shuttle Enterprise (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-101) was the first orbiter of the Space Shuttle system. Rolled out on September 17, 1976, it was built for NASA as part of the Space Shuttle program to perform atmospheric test flights after being launched from a modified Boeing 747.[1] It was constructed without engines or a functional heat shield, and was therefore not capable of spaceflight.[2]

Enterprise
OV-101
مكوك الفضاء إنترپرايز
Enterprise in flight in 1977, during ALT-13
تسمية عربة مداريةOV-101
الدولةUnited States
عطاء المقاولةJuly 26, 1972
سـُمّي على اسميوإس‌إس Enterprise (NCC-1701) (Star Trek starship)
أول رحلةALT test flight on SCA
February 18, 1977
آخر رحلةFerry flight on SCA
April 27, 2012
الوقت المنقضي في الفضاء None
Space Shuttle Enterprise
الموقعNew York City
بُنيَ1976
بناهRockwell International
NRHP reference No.خطأ لوا: invalid capture index %2 in replacement string.
أضيف إلى NRHPMarch 13, 2013
الوضع الحاليRetired, on display at Intrepid Museum, New York City

Originally, Enterprise had been intended to be refitted for orbital flight to become the second space-rated orbiter in service.[1] However, during the construction of مكوك فضاء Columbia, details of the final design changed, making it simpler and less costly to build Challenger around a body frame that had been built as a test article.[1] Similarly, Enterprise was considered for refit to replace Challenger after the latter was destroyed, but Endeavour was built from structural spares instead.[1][3]

Enterprise was restored and placed on display in 2003 at the Smithsonian's new Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Virginia.[4] Following the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet, Discovery replaced Enterprise at the Udvar-Hazy Center, and Enterprise was transferred to the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York City, where it has been on display since July 2012.[5]

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الفروق بين إنترپرايز والمكوكات المستقبلة

The design of Enterprise was not the same as that planned for Columbia, the first flight model; the aft fuselage was constructed differently, and it did not have the interfaces to mount OMS pods. A large number of subsystems—ranging from main engines to radar equipment—were not installed on Enterprise, but the capacity to add them in the future was retained, as NASA originally intended to refit the orbiter for spaceflight at the conclusion of its testing. Instead of a thermal protection system, its surface was primarily covered with simulated tiles made from polyurethane foam. Fiberglass was used for the leading edge panels in place of the reinforced carbon–carbon ones of spaceflight-worthy orbiters. Only a few sample thermal tiles and some Nomex blankets were real.[6] Enterprise used fuel cells to generate its electrical power, but these were not sufficient to power the orbiter for spaceflight.[7]

Enterprise also lacked RCS thrusters (which were useless in atmospheric flight) and hydraulic mechanisms for the landing gear; the landing gear doors were simply opened through the use of explosive bolts and the gear dropped down solely by gravity.[7] As it was only used for atmospheric testing, Enterprise featured a large nose probe mounted on its nose cap, common on test aircraft because the location provides the most accurate readings for the test instruments, being mounted out in front of the disturbed airflow.

Enterprise was equipped with Lockheed-manufactured zero-zero ejection seats like those its sister Columbia carried on its first four missions.[7]


مراجل الإنشاء

Date Milestone[8]
1972 July 26 Contract Award to North American Rockwell
1972 August 9 Construction authorization from NASA
1974 June 4 Start structural assembly of crew module at Downey plant
1974 August 26 Start structural assembly of aft fuselage at Downey plant
1975 March 27 Mid fuselage arrives at Palmdale from General Dynamics
1975 May 23 Wings arrive at Palmdale from Grumman
1975 May 25 Vertical stabilizer arrives at Palmdale from Fairchild Republic
1975 August 25 Start of Final Assembly
1975 September 9 Aft fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1975 October 31 Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1975 December 1 Upper forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1976 January 16 Crew module on dock, Palmdale
1976 March 3 Payload bay doors on dock, Palmdale
1976 March 12 Complete final assembly and closeout systems installation
1976 March 15 Start functional checkout
1976 June Complete functional checkout, start ground vibration and proof load tests
1976 September 17 Rollout from Palmdale
1976 October–November Start systems retest, complete integrated systems checkout
1977 February 18 First captive flight
1977 June 18 First crewed captive flight[9]
1977 August 12 First free flight

الخدمة

 
Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, the Star Trek cast (with the exception of William Shatner) and NASA administrators attending Enterprise's rollout ceremony


إنترپرايز (تعيين ناسا: OV-101) اول سفينة فضائية على مر كل العصور كانت سفينة صغيرة في احدى المحطات الأمريكية حتى أصبحت اول وأكبر سفينة فضائية على وجه الأرض وقد انشئ صدفة مسلسل لاق إقبالا كبيرا بحيث كان يتضمن البش وبعض المخلوقات الأخرى يعني الكائنات الفضائية ومنها الفولكن والتراثوريون والكثير.


اختبارات الاقتراب والهبوط (ALT)

مقال رئيسي: اختبارات الاقتراب والهبوط
 
Fred Haise and Gordon Fullerton (wearing oxygen mask) in Enterprise's cockpit, 1977.

On January 31, 1977, Enterprise was taken by road to Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base to begin operational testing.[1][10]


 
A crane hoists Enterprise into the Dynamic Structural Test Facility to undergo dynamic testing in launch configuration.

بعد تشالنجر

After the Challenger disaster, NASA considered using Enterprise as a replacement. Refitting the shuttle with all of the necessary equipment for it to be used in space was considered, but NASA decided to use spares constructed at the same time as Discovery and Atlantis to build Endeavour.[3]

بعد كلومبيا

 
Damage to the leading edge of the wing from the post-Columbia impact tests

In 2003 after the breakup of Columbia during re-entry, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board conducted tests at Southwest Research Institute, which used an air cannon to shoot foam blocks of similar size, mass and speed to that which struck Columbia at a test structure which mechanically replicated the orbiter wing leading edge. They removed a section of fiberglass leading edge from Enterprise's wing to perform analysis of the material and attached it to the test structure, then shot a foam block at it.[11]


العرض في متحف

 
Enterprise on display with IRBMs, ICBMs, and ABM equipment at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.


نيويورك

 
Enterprise being lifted onto Intrepid
 
Damaged by Hurricane Sandy


 
إنترپرايز وهي معروضة في متحف فضائي

معرض صور

  • Enterprise ALT Program Logo

  • Space Shuttle Enterprise 747 separation

  • Enterprise makes its first appearance on the pad mated with an external tank and SRBs

  • Enterprise at SLC-6 at Vandenberg AFB

  • Enterprise over New York. The Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum, Enterprise's present home, can be seen below

انظر أيضاً


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References

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Jenkins, Dennis R (2007). Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-9633974-5-4.
  2. ^ Slovinac, Patricia; Deming, Joan (يونيو 2010). Avionics Systems Laboratory/Building 16: Historical Documentation. NASA. JSC-CN-22284. Archived from the original on ديسمبر 12, 2013.
  3. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة name
  4. ^ "National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center". NASA. أكتوبر 23, 2003. Retrieved سبتمبر 30, 2015.
  5. ^ D'Orazio, Dante (يوليو 18, 2012). "NASA Space Shuttle Enterprise aboard the USS Intrepid in pictures". The Verge. Retrieved سبتمبر 30, 2015.
  6. ^ "Space Shuttle, "Enterprise" OV-101". SI.edu. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved يناير 9, 2013.
  7. ^ أ ب ت Lethbridge, Cliff (1998). "Space Shuttle Enterprise (OV-101) Fact Sheet". Spaceline.org. Archived from the original on يناير 7, 2011.
  8. ^ Garrett, David; Gordon, Bob (أغسطس 25, 1976). "Shuttle roll-out set for 17 September 1976" (Press release). NASA News. 76N-32224. Retrieved يونيو 16, 2013.
  9. ^ Gebhardt, Chris (أبريل 27, 2012). "Space Shuttle Enterprise – The Orbiter that started it all". NASA Spaceflight. Retrieved يونيو 18, 2015.
  10. ^ Dismukes, Kim (فبراير 15, 2005). "Space Shuttle Basics". NASA.gov. Retrieved نوفمبر 28, 2007.
  11. ^ Harwood, William (يونيو 4, 2003). "Critical foam impact test planned for Thursday". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved يوليو 12, 2007.
Attribution
 
هذه الصورة من إنتاج ناسا و أخذت من صفحة ناسا (NASA) أو من منشوراتها. حقوق النشر لناسا تُؤكد أن منتوجاتها ليست محمية من طرف حقوق النشر، إلا إذا ذُكِر ذلك. للمزيد من المعلومات، المرجوا الاطلاع على صفحة ناسا لحماية حقوق النشر.

External links

قالب:Memoryalpha article

قالب:Enterprise Spaceships قالب:Space Shuttle Enterprise

قالب:Star Trek ships named Enterprise

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