معركة لونگوالا
معركة لونگوالا (4–7 ديسمبر 1971) كانت واحدة من أول الاشتباكات الرئيسية في القطاع الغربي أثناء الحرب الپاكستانية الهندية 1971، نشبت بين القوات الپاكستانية المهاجمة والمدافعين الهنود في النقطة الحدودية الهندية في لونگوالا، في صحراء ثار في ولاية راجستان بالهند.
The "A" company (reinforced) of the 23rd Battalion, Punjab Regiment,[9] under the Indian Army's 30th Infantry, commanded by Major Kuldip Singh Chandpuri, was left with the choice of either attempting to hold out until reinforced, or fleeing on foot from a mechanised infantry Pakistani force. Choosing the former, Major Kuldip Singh Chandpuri ensured that all his assets were correctly deployed, and made the most use of his strong defensive position, and weaknesses created by errors in enemy tactics. He was also fortunate in that an Indian Air Force forward air controller was able to secure and direct aircraft in support of the post's defence until reinforcements arrived six hours later.
The Pakistani commanders made several questionable decisions, including a failure of their strategic intelligence to foresee availability of Indian strike aircraft in the Longewala area, exercising operational mobility with little or no route reconnaissance, and conducting a tactical frontal assault with no engineer reconnaissance. This led to the Pakistani brigade group being left extremely vulnerable to air attack, vehicles becoming bogged in terrain not suitable for the movement of armoured vehicles as they tried to deploy off a single track, these being more susceptible to enemy fire by using external fuel storage in tactical combat, attempting to execute a night attack over unfamiliar terrain, and infantry being surprised by obstacles to troop movement causing confusion and stalling the attack during the crucial hours of darkness, when the assaulting infantry still had a measure of concealment from Indian small arms and infantry support weapon fire.
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المعركة
الأعقاب
وصلات خارجية
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ p.1187, IDSA
- ^ Lal, Pratap Chandra. My Years With The Iaf. ISBN 978-81-7062-008-2. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Karl R. DeRouen; Uk Heo (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II. ABC-CLIO. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1.
- ^ Singh, Polly. "HAL HF-24 Marut - Where the wind blows". bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "HAL HF 24 Marut India's First Indigenous Fighter Aircraft - Battle of longewala". vidinfo.org. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ DeRouen, Karl R. (2007). Karl R. DeRouen, Uk Heo (ed.). Civil Wars of the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 596. ISBN 978-1851099191.
- ^ أ ب ت ث Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-First Century. Greenwood. p. 597. ISBN 978-0313335389.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Col J Francis (Retd) (30 August 2013). Short Stories from the History of the Indian Army Since August 1947. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. pp. 93–96. ISBN 978-93-82652-17-5.
- ^ "The Tribune - Windows - Featured story". tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
المراجع
- Indivisible Air Power, Strategic Analysis, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 1984, v.8, 1185–1202
- Imprint, Justified Press, 1972, v.12:7-12 (Oct 1972-Mar 11973)
- Alter, Stephen, Amritsar to Lahore: A Journey Across the India-Pakistan Border, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000
- Nordeen, Lon O., Air Warfare in the Missile Age, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985
- Suresh, Kukke, Wg. Cdr. (Retd), Battle of Longewala: 5 and 6 December 1971, 1971 India Pakistan Operations, http://www.bharat-rakshak.com
- Sharma, Gautam, Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army, Allied Publishers, 1990
- Nayar, Kuldip, Distant Neighbours: A Tale of the Subcontinent, Vikas Publishing House, 1972
- Rao, K. V. Krishna, Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security, Lancers Publishers, 1991
للاستزادة
- Anil Shorey Pakistan's Failed Gamble: The Battle of Laungewala Manas, 2005, ISBN 81-7049-224-6.
- Brigadier Zafar Alam Khan The Way It Was. He was probably the commanding officer of the 22nd Armoured Regiment.
- Virendra Verma, Hunting hunters: Battle of Longewala, December 1971: a study in joint army-air operations (Stories of war in post-independence India), Youth Education Publications, 1992