مارك شاگال

مارك شاگال (بالإنگليزية: Marc Chagall ; باليديشية: מאַרק שאַגאַל‎ بالروسية: Марк Захарович Шага́л Mark Zakharovich Shagal; بالبلاروسية: Мойша Захаравіч Шагалаў Mojša Zaharavič Šagałaŭ) (7 يوليو 1887 - 28 مارس 1985) كان رساماً بلاروسي-فرنسي من أصل يهودي، مولود في بلاروسيا, حينما كانت جزءاً من الامبراطورية الروسية. ويـُعتبر ضمن الحركات المعاصرة بعد الإنطباعية.

مارك شاگال Marc Chagall

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 فنه

تأثر شاگال بالحياة الشعبية في بلاروس, وصور العديد من المواضيع التوراتية مما عكس تراثه اليهودي. وفي عقدي 1960 و 1970, انخرط شاگال في سلسلة من المشاريع الكبيرة التي تضمنت ساحات عامة ومبان مدنية ودينية هامة.

ويصعب تصنيف أعمال شاگال. فعندما عمل في عالم الفن في باريس قبل الحرب العالمية الأولى, تأثر بتيارات الطليعة avant-garde, إلا أن أعماله كانت باستمرار على هامش حركات الفن الشعبي والمناحي الناشئة, مثل التكعيبية والوحوشية Fauvism, بين الكثير. وقد ارتبط لصيقاً بمدرسة باريس ودعاتها, مثل أمديو مودلياني.

غزارة الإشارات إلى طفولته في أعمال شاگال, انتقدها البعض لما رأوه من عدم التصوير بشكل كافي لمعاناة اليهود التي زامنت ذلك الوقت. فهو يصور سعادة وتفاؤل لأولئك الذين ينظرون في أعماله فقط إلى استخدام الألوان شديدة الحيوية. Chagall often posed himself, sometimes together with his wife, as an observer of a colored world like that seen through a stained-glass window. Some see The White Crucifixion, which is rich with intriguing detail, as a denunciation of the Stalin regime, the Nazi Holocaust, and the oppression of Jews in general.

للمزيد من المعلومات عن فنه, انظر قائمة الأعمال الفنية لشاگال.

 استخدام الرمزية

• البقرة: الحياة بامتياز: لبن, لحم, جلود, قرون, قوة.
• الشجرة: رمز آخر للحياة.
• الديك: خصب, often painted together with lovers.
• النهد (كثيراً ما يكون عارياً): اثارة جنسية وخصب الحياة (شاگال أحب واحترم النساء).
• عازف الكمان: in Chagall's town Vitebsk the fiddler made music at crosspoints of life (birth, wedding, death).
• الرنگة (often also painted as a flying fish): commemorates Chagall's father working in a fish factory.
• الساعة البندولية: time, and modest life (in the time of prosecution at the Loire River the pendulum seems being driven with force into the wooden box of the pendulum clock).
• الشمعدان: الشمعتان تمثلان شبات أو المنورة (شمعدان بسبع شمعات) أو الهانوكا-شمعدان, ولذلك حياة اليهود المتدينين (حسيديم).
• النوافذ: Chagall's Love of Freedom, and Paris through the window.
• Houses of Vitebsk (often in paintings of his time in Paris): feelings for his homeland.
• مشاهد السيرك: Harmony of Man and Animal, which induces Creativity in Man.
• صلب المسيح: موضوع غريب لرسام يهودي, وغالباً ما يكون رد فعل لتصاعد اللا سامية في ألمانيا في أواخر عقد 1930.
• الجياد: الحرية.
• برج ايفل: الارتفاع في السماء, الحرية.

 معارضه

Bella with white collar, 1917

Chagall's work is housed in a variety of locations, including the Palais Garnier (the old opera house), the Chase Tower Plaza of downtown Chicago, the Metropolitan Opera, the cathedral of Metz, فرنسا, Notre-Dame de Reims, the Fraumünster abbey in Zürich, Switzerland, the Church of St. Stephan in Mainz, ألمانيا and the delightful Biblical Message museum in Nice, France, that Chagall helped to design.

The only church in England with a complete set of Chagall window-glass is located in the tiny village of Tudeley, in Kent, إنگلترة. Chagall painted 12 colorful stained-glass windows in Hadassah Hospital Ein Kerem in Jerusalem, with each frame depicting a different tribe. In the United States, the Union Church of Pocantico Hills contains a set of Chagall windows commemorating the prophets, which was commissioned by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. [1].

وفي مركز لنكولن في مدينة نيويورك, Chagall's huge mosaic murals are installed in the lobby of the new Metropolitan Opera House, which opened in 1966. Also in New York, the United Nations Headquarters has a stained glass wall of his work. In 1967 the UN commemorated this artwork with a postage stamp and souvenir sheet.

وفي 1973, the Musée National Message Biblique Marc Chagall (Chagall Museum) opened in نيس, France. The museum in Vitebsk which bears his name was founded in 1997, in the building where his family lived on 29 Pokrovskaia street, although, prior to his death, years before the fall of the Soviet Bloc, Chagall was persona non grata in his homeland. The museum only has copies of his work.

وفي 2007, an exhibition of his work entitled, “Chagall of Miracles” at Il Complesso del Vittoriano was displayed and included works such as the Red Jew (1915), Above the City (1914-1918), Composition with Circles and Goat (1920), and The Fall of the Angel (1923-1947), which impacte viewers the most. Chagall was Jewish but was heavily influenced by Christian iconography, as well as a dreamer whose works touched on the harsh realities of war and persecution, and also an avant-garde artist that did not align himself with one particular movement. The works in this exhibition highlighted all these points of Chagall's personality.

 تأثيره

Cuban singer-songwriter Silvio Rodríguez released in 1978 one of his most widely known songs, Óleo de mujer con sombrero (Oil of woman with hat) in tribute to Chagall's work.

Jon Anderson, singer from the popular group Yes, met Chagall in the town of Opio, France as a young musician. Jon credits him as a seminal inspiration. He has recorded a piece of music in his honor, as well as the charitable Opio Foundation which he established in memory of his connection with the artist. In 1997, Pasqualina Azzarello painted A Celebration of Imagination: a Tribute to Marc Chagall, a 15'x30' public mural in Central Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

In 2005, musician Tori Amos recorded and released the composition "Garlands," with lyrics inspired by a series of Chagall lithographs.

In 2006, the musical group The Weepies released their album Say I Am You. One of the tracks is titled "Painting by Chagall"; part of the chorus is: "...we float like two lovers in a painting by Chagall, all around is sky and blue town, holding these flowers for a wedding gown, we live so high above the ground..." "Do Jump!", a physical theatre based in Portland, Oregon, created an acrobatic/trapeze theatre performance in tribute to Chagall.

 مأثورات

Marc Chagall stained-glass window at the U.N. in New York City.

Pasqualina Azzarello's tribute mural

• "All colors are the friends of their neighbors and the lovers of their opposites."

• "Great art picks up where nature ends."

• "I am out to introduce a psychic shock into my painting, one that is always motivated by pictorial reasoning: that is to say, a fourth dimension."

• "I work in whatever medium likes me at the moment."

• "If a symbol should be discovered in a painting of mine, it was not my intention. It is a result I did not seek. It is something that may be found afterwards, and which can be interpreted according to taste."

• "In our life there is a single color, as on an artist's palette, which provides the meaning of life and art. It is the color of love."

• "My name is Marc, my emotional life is sensitive and my purse is empty, but they say I have talent."

• "Will God or someone give me the power to breathe my sigh into my canvases, the sigh of prayer and sadness, the prayer of salvation, of rebirth?"

• "Will there be anymore!?"

• "We all know that a good person can be a bad artist. But no one will ever be a genuine artist unless he is a great human being and thus also a good one."

• "Only love interest me, and I am only in contact with things I love."

 الكتب

Mural dedication

• Nikolaj Aaron, Marc Chagall., (rororo-Monographie) Reinbek 2003 (In German)
• Benjamin Harshav, ed. Marc Chagall on Art and Culture, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003
• Aleksandr Kamensky, Marc Chagall, An Artist From Russia, Trilistnik, Moscow, 2005 (In Russian)
• Aleksandr Kamensky, Chagall: The Russian Years 1907-1922., Rizzoli, NY, 1988 (Abridged version of Marc Chagall, An Artist From Russia)
• Jonathan Wilson, Marc Chagall, Schocken, 2007
• Bill Wyman shoots Chagall (Genesis Publications, 1998)

 وصلات خارجية

• Official site of Marc Chagall Museum in Vitebsk, Belarus
• Official site of Marc Chagall Museum in Nice, France
• Essays about Marc Chagall by Igor Schestkow
• Marc Chagall at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
• Chagall's collection at the Engel Gallery
• Marc Chagall at Olga's Gallery
• Pictures of: Me and My Village, Self-Portrait with Seven Fingers, and Chagall's illustrations to the Bible: Song of Songs III (1960), Jacob's Dream (1954-67), Adam and Eve Expelled from Paradise (1954-67), and Abraham and the Three Angels (1954-67)