قاقم

قاقم Stoat (الاسم العلمي:Mustela erminea) أو القاقم إنگليزية: Stoatcode: en is deprecated هو نوع من الطيور يتبع جنس الابن عرس من الفصيلة العرسيات. يستوطن أوراسيا وأمريكا الشمالية.

قاقم Stoat
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
التصنيف العلمي
مملكة:	الحيوان
Phylum:	الحبليات
Class:	الثدييات
Order:	آكلات اللحوم
Family:	ابن عرس
Subfamily:	Mustelinae
Genus:	Mustela
Species:	M. erminea
Binomial name
Mustela erminea لينايوس, 1758
Stoat range (green—native, red—introduced)

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 المظهر

Skulls of a long-tailed weasel (top), a stoat (bottom left) and least weasel (bottom right), as illustrated in Merriam's Synopsis of the Weasels of North America

القاقم رقيق ومرن مثل ابن عرس، ويتميز بذيل وحجم أكبر منه، يتميز القاقم بفرو بني محمر اعلاه وفرو أبيض ادناه، يبلغ طول ذكر القاقم من 16 إلى 31 سم، ومن 6 إلى 12 سم بالنسبة لذيله، يتراوح وزن الذكور ما بين 130 و 450 غرام اما بالنسبة للإناث فيتراوح وزنها ما بين 130 و 280 غرام.

Young stoat

Stoat surplus killing a family of chipmunks, as illustrated by Ernest Thompson Seton

Stoat killing a European rabbit

 الموئل

يوجد القاقم في الموائل التالية: الأرض الصالحة للزراعة، الصحراء، الأراضي العشبية التي اجتاحتها الفيضانات ،الغابات المتوسطية، الجبال العشبية، الغابات الصنوبرية، التندرا, التايغا.

A stoat in winter fur

 الغذاء

يقتات القاقم على فئران الحقول وبعض الطيور والأرانب في بعض الأحيان

 السلالة

{As of|2005|uc=on}}, 37 subspecies are recognised.

Subspecies	Trinomial authority	Description	Range	Synonyms
Northern stoat M. e. erminea (Nominate subspecies)	Linnaeus, 1758	A moderately sized to small subspecies, with a relatively short and broad facial region	Kola Peninsula, Scandinavia	hyberna (Kerr, 1792) maculata (Billberg, 1827)
Middle Russian stoat M. e. aestiva	Kerr, 1792	A moderately sized subspecies with dark, tawny or chestnut summer fur	European Russia (except for the Kola Peninsula), Central and Western Europe	algiricus (Thomas, 1895) alpestris (Burg, 1920) giganteus (Burg, 1920) major (Nilsson, 1820)
Junean stoat M. e. alascensis	Merriam, 1896	Similar to M. e. richardsonii, but with a broader skull and more extensive white tips on the limbs	Juneau, Alaska
Vancouver Island stoat M. e. anguinae	Hall, 1932		Vancouver Island
Tundra stoat M. e. arctica	Merriam, 1826	A large subspecies, with a dark-yellowish brown summer coat, a deep yellow underbelly and a massive skull, it resembles Eurasian stoat subspecies more closely than any other American subspecies.	ألاسكا, northwestern Canada, Arctic archipelago except Baffin Island	audax (Barrett-Hamilton, 1904) kadiacensis (Merriam, 1896) kadiacensis (Osgood, 1901) richardsonii (Bonaparte, 1838)
M. e. augustidens	Brown, 1908
Western Great Lakes stoat M. e. bangsi	Hall, 1945		Region west of the Great Lakes	cicognani (Mearns, 1891) pusillus (Aughey, 1880)
Mustela e. celenda	Hall, 1944
Bonaparte's stoat M. e. cigognanii	Bonaparte, 1838	A small subspecies, with a dark brown summer coat, its skull is more lightly built than that of richardsonii.	Region north and east of the Great Lakes	pusilla (DeKay, 1842) vulgaris (Griffith, 1827)
M. e. fallenda	Hall, 1945
Fergana stoat M. e. ferghanae	Thomas, 1895	A small subspecies, it has a very light, straw-brownish or greyish coat, which is short and soft. Light spots, sometimes forming a collar, are present on the neck. It does not turn white in winter.	Montane Tien Shan and Pamir-Alaisk system, Afghanistan, الهند, western Tibet and adjacent parts of Tien Shan China	shnitnikovi (Ognev, 1935) whiteheadi (Wroughton, 1908)
Mustela e. gulosa	Hall, 1945
Queen Charlotte stoat M. e. haidarum	Preble, 1898		Queen Charlotte Islands
Irish stoat M. e. hibernica	Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton, 1895	Larger than aestiva, but smaller than stabilis, it is distinguished by the irregular pattern on the dividing line between dark and pale fur on the flanks, though 13.5% of Irish stoats exhibit the more typical straight dividing line.	Ireland, Isle of Man
M. e. initis	Hall, 1945
M. e. invicta	Hall, 1945
Kodiak stoat M. e. kadiacensis	Merriam, 1896		Kodiak Island
East Siberian stoat M. e. kaneii	Baird, 1857	A moderately sized subspecies, it is smaller than M. e. tobolica, with close similarities to M. e. arctica. The colour of the summer coat is relatively light, with varying intensities of browning-yellow tinges.	Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East including Kamchatka, except the Amur Oblast and Ussuriland, Transbaikalia and Sayan	baturini (Ognev, 1929) digna (Hall, 1944) kamtschatica (Dybowski, 1922) kanei (G. Allen, 1914) naumovi (Jurgenson, 1938) orientalis (Ognev, 1928) transbaikalica (Ognev, 1928)
Karaginsky stoat M. e. karaginensis	Jurgenson, 1936	A very small subspecies with a light chestnut coloured summer coat	Karaginsky Island along the eastern coast of Kamchatka
Altai stoat Mustela e. lymani	Hollister, 1912	A moderately sized subspecies with less dense fur than M. e. tobolica, the colour of its summer coat consists of weakly developed reddish-brown tones. The skull is similar to that of M. e. aestiva.	Mountains of southern Siberia eastwards to Baikal and contiguous parts of Mongolia
M. e. martinoi	Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951			birulai (Martino and Martino, 1930)
Swiss stoat M. e. minima	Cavazza, 1912		Switzerland
Gobi stoat M. e. mongolica	Ognev, 1928		Govi-Altai Province
Southwestern stoat M. e. muricus	Bangs, 1899		Southwestern extremity of the species' American range (Nevada, Utah, كولورادو and other states)	leptus (Merriam, 1903)
Japanese stoat M. e. nippon	Cabrera, 1913		Japan
M. e. ognevi	Jurgenson, 1932
Olympic stoat M. e. olympica	Hall, 1945		Olympic Peninsula, واشنطن
Polar stoat M. e. polaris	Barrett-Hamilton, 1904		Greenland
Richardson's stoat M. e. richardsonii	Bonaparte, 1838	Similar to M. e. cigognanii, but larger, with a dull chocolate brown summer coat	Newfoundland, Labrador and nearly all of Canada save for the territories of other stoat subspecies	imperii (Barrett-Hamilton, 1904) microtis (J. A. Allen, 1903) mortigena (Bangs, 1913)
Hebrides stoat M. e. ricinae	Miller, 1907		Hebrides
M. e. salva	Hall, 1944
M. e. seclusa	Hall, 1944
Baffin stoat M. e. semplei	Sutton and Hamilton, 1932		Baffin Land and adjacent parts of the mainland	labiata (Degerbøl, 1935)
British stoat M. e. stabilis	Barrett-Hamilton, 1904	Larger than mainland European stoats	Great Britain, introduced to New Zealand
M. e. stratori	Merriam, 1896
Caucasian stoat M. e. teberdina	Korneev, 1941	A small subspecies with coffee to reddish tawny summer coat	Northern slope of the middle part of the main Caucasus range	balkarica (Basiev, 1962)
Tobolsk stoat M. e. tobolica	Ognev, 1923	A large subspecies, it is somewhat larger than aestiva, with long and dense fur.	Western Siberia, eastwards to the Yenisei and Altai and in Kazakhstan

Stoat (left) and least weasel (right) pelts - note the stoat's larger size and black tail-tip

Stoat skeleton

 العلاقات مع البشر

Elizabeth I of England, "the Virgin Queen", painted with an ermine on her arm. In this painting the ermine has black spots over its entire body resembling heraldic ermine.

 المصادر

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 فهرس

• Ahern, Albert (1922). Fur Facts. St. Louis: C. P. Curran printing company. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Coues, Elliott (1877). Fur-bearing Animals: A Monograph of North American Mustelidae. Government Printing Office. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Harris, Stephen; Yalden, Derek (2008). Mammals of the British Isles (4th Revised ed.). Mammal Society. ISBN 0-906282-65-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Johnston, Harry Hamilton (1903). British mammals; an attempt to describe and illustrate the mammalian fauna of the British islands from the commencement of the Pleistocene period down to the present day. London, Hutchinson. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kurtén, Björn (1968). Pleistocene mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kurtén, Björn (1980). Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03733-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (2002). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1b, Carnivores (Mustelidae and Procyonidae). Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. ISBN 90-04-08876-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Macdonald, David (1992). The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores. New York: Parkwest. ISBN 0-563-20844-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Merriam, Clinton Hart (1896). Synopsis of the weasels of North America. Washington : Govt. Print. Off. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (1998). Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21199-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

 أنظر أيضاً

• ابن عرس

 قراءات أخرى

http://ecologie.nature.free.fr/pages/mammiferes/hermine.htm

http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Stoat

• The Natural History of Weasels and Stoats: Ecology, Behavior and Management. 2nd Edition.(2007). Carolyn M. King and Roger A. Powell. Oxford University Press. ISBN- 13 978-0-19-530056-7

 وصلات خارجية

توجد في معرفةالفصائل معلومات أكثر حول:

Mustela erminea

• ARKive
• Mustela erminea taxonomy
• Stoat control information
• Stoat 'playing'(?) in snow
• Fiordland Islands NZ stoat eradication
• BBC Wildlife finder including video footage and sound files
• Stoat images
• Smithsonian Institution - North American Mammals: Mustela erminea
• Smithsonian Wild: Mustela erminea