المعرفة

سمولاند

For other uses, see سمولاند (توضيح).

سمولاند (Småland ؛ النطق السويدي: [ˈsmǒːland] ( استمع)) هي مركز تاريخي (landskap) في جنوب السويد. Småland borders Blekinge, Scania (Swedish: Skåne), Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small Lands.[2] The Latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages. The highest point in Småland is Tomtabacken, at 377 metres (1,237 ft). In terms of total area, Småland is of a similar size as Belgium.

سمولاند
Småland
درع سمولاند
Coat of arms
Sverigekarta-Landskap Småland.svg
البلدالسويد
الإقليمگوتالاند
المقاطعاتKronoberg County
Kalmar County
Jönköping County
Halland County
Östergötland County
المساحة
 • الإجمالي29٬400 كم² (11٬400 ميل²)
التعداد
 (31 December 2016)[1]
 • الإجمالي754٬535
 • الكثافة26/km2 (66/sq mi)
الأعراق
 • اللغةالسويدية
 • اللهجةسمولدنسكا
 • صفة المواطنSmålänning
الثقافة
 • الزهرةTwinflower
 • الحيوانOtter
 • الطائرSong thrush
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal codes
33000–34999, 35000–36999, 38000–39999, 55000–57999, 59000–59999 (shared with Östergötland)
Area codes0370-0372
0433
0459
0470–0478
0480–0493

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الادارة

The traditional provinces of Sweden no longer serve any governmental purpose, but they do remain important historically and culturally. The province of Småland today is divided almost entirely into the three administrative counties of Jönköping, Kalmar, and Kronoberg. Some few small portions of historic Småland are situated in Halland and Östergötland Counties.


الدروع

المقالة الرئيسية: دروع سمولاند

The current coat of arms, granted in 1569, displays a rampant red lion carrying a crossbow, all on a golden background. The arms may be surmounted by a ducal coronet. The blazon in English would be, "Or, a lion rampant gules, langued and armed azure, holding in its front paws a crossbow of the second, bowed and stringed Sable with a bolt argent."

التعداد

The population of Småland was 754,535 as of 31 December 2016, distributed over five counties as follows:[1]

المقاطعة التعداد
Jönköping County, largely 333,923
Kalmar County, largely 216,455
Kronoberg County, entirely 194,628
Halland County, peripherally 7,574
Östergötland County, peripherally 1,955
Locality Population
Jönköping 89,396
ڤكشو 65,387
Kalmar 36,392
Västervik 21,140
Värnamo 18,696
Oskarshamn 17,258
Nässjö 16,678
Ljungby 15,205
Tranås 14,197
Vetlanda 13,050
Nybro 12,810

الجغرافيا

 
An image from a canyon in the forested Småland.


التاريخ

The area was probably populated in the Stone Age from the south, by people moving along the coast up to Kalmar. Småland was populated by Stone Age peoples by at least 6000 BC, since the Alby People are known to have crossed the ice bridge across the Kalmar Strait at that time.

It is named Småland ("small lands") because it was an aggrupation of a dozen little (yet largely independent) territories: Kinda (today a part of Östergötland), Tveta, Vista, Vedbo, Tjust, Sevede, Aspeland, Handbörd, Möre, Värend, Finnveden, and Njudung. Each "small land" had its own law in the Viking age and early Middle Ages and could declare itself neutral in wars that Sweden was involved in — at least if the King had no army present at the parliamentary debate. Around 1350, during the reign of Magnus Eriksson, the first national law code was introduced in Sweden and the historic provinces lost much of their old autonomy.

The city of Kalmar is one of the oldest cities of Sweden. In the medieval period it was the southernmost and the third largest city in Sweden, when it was a center for export of iron, which, in many cases, was handled by German merchants. At that time, Scania and Blekinge were not part of Sweden.

Småland was the center of several peasant rebellions. The most nearly successful was the Dackefejden led by Nils Dacke in 1542 and 1543. When officials of king Gustav Vasa were assaulted and murdered, the king sent small expeditions to pacify the area; but all failed. Dacke was the virtual ruler of large parts of Småland during that Winter, though much troubled by a blockade of supplies, before finally being defeated by larger forces attacking from both Västergötland and Östergötland. He famously defended Kronoberg Castle (now ruined) but was shot while trying to escape to then Danish-ruled Blekinge.

A portion of Småland called the Kingdom of Crystal is known for its many glassworks and can be traced back to the 18th century.

During the 17th and 18 Century Småland saw Christian revival break out, leading to an increase of entrepreneurship, church building and the sending out of missionaries all over the world. To this day, the people of Småland are affected by this activity.[3]

 
كراسي ونزر التقليدية تـُصنع بأعداد هائلة في سمولاند.

In the 19th century, Småland was afflicted by social and economic turbulence and poverty, and it had substantial emigration to North America.[4] 4,300 Swedish emigrants were recruited to settle in Stamford, Texas, by the family network of the first Swedish emigrant to Texas, Swante M. Swenson, who came from Jönköping.

The well-known furniture company IKEA was founded in the Småland town of Älmhult.

Overnight between 8 and 9 January 2005 the province suffered serious damage from the storm Gudrun.

المدن التاريخية

Towns with former city status were: Eksjö (chartered around 1400), Gränna (1652), Huskvarna (1911), Jönköping (1284), Kalmar (approximately 1100), Ljungby (1936), Nybro (1932), Nässjö (1914), Oskarshamn (1856), Sävsjö (1947), Tranås (1919), Vetlanda (1920), Vimmerby (approximately 1400), Värnamo (1920), Västervik (approximately 1200), Växjö (1342)

المنتزهات الوطنية

تضم سمولاند ثلاث منتزهات وطنية:

الدين

 
Ingatorp Old Church, Småland, Sweden, ca. 1895

Compared to much of Sweden, Småland has a higher level of religious intensity and church participation.

In terms of Lutheran ecclesiastical boundaries, most of the province encompasses the diocese of Växjö. Parts of northern Småland are in the diocese of Linköping.

Småland is also known for its free churches, although the free church congregations are concentrated in Jönköping County. Most of Kalmar County and Kronoberg County have few or no free church congregations.

Politically Småland is the strongest province for Kristdemokraterna (the Swedish Christian Democratic Party), and both of the last two leaders of the party - Göran Hägglund and Alf Svensson live in Jönköping Municipality in northern Småland.

الثقافة

 
Farmhouses in Småland are typically red with white corners.

عالم النبات السويدي كارل لينايوس، sw. Carl von Linné (1707–1778), often called the father of taxonomy or "The flower-king", was born in Älmhult in Småland. He gave the twinflower its Latin name based on his own (Latin: Linnaea borealis), because of his particular fondness of it. The flower has become Småland's provincial flower.

وثمة شخص بارز من آلمهولت، هو إنگڤار كامپراد، مؤسس شركة آيكيا العالمية. The name "Småland" is used as the name of the children's play areas at some IKEA stores.

التعليم

Småland is home to the Linnaeus University, located in Växjö and Kalmar, and the Jönköping University.


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الأدب

The Swedish emigration to North America during the 19th century, is best depicted in a suite of novels by author Vilhelm Moberg, which is also the basis for the musical Kristina from Duvemåla created by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA fame.

In her writing, children's book author Astrid Lindgren often portrayed scenes from her own childhood, growing up on a farm in Småland.

السمولانديون

In the 20th century, Småland has been known for its high level of entrepreneurship and low unemployment, especially in the Gnosjö region.

Old Swedish encyclopedia Nordisk familjebok describes the inhabitants of Småland as follows:

the Smålandian is by nature awake and smart, diligent and hard-working, yet compliant, cunning and crafty, which gives him the advantage of being able to move through life with little means.[5]

A running joke local to Sweden, is that Smålandians are very economical, ranging from modestly frugal to utterly cheap. Ingvar Kamprad, founder of IKEA said that the Smålandians are seen as the Scotsmen of Sweden.[6]

اللغة

The local language is a Swedish dialect known as Småländska (Smalandian). This may in turn be separated in two main branches, with the northern related to the Götaland dialects and the southern to the Scanian dialects.[بحاجة لمصدر]

التقسيمات

For details, see: Districts of Småland

الأراضي الصغيرة

 
الأراضي الصغيرة في سمولاند. النقاط السوداء والحمراء تشير إلى أحجار رونية. النقاط الحمراء تشير إلى أحجار رونية تحكي عن رحلات طويلة.

After the unification of Sweden, around 800–1200 AD, Småland was for consistency divided into chartered cities and into hundreds.

المئويات

The historical sub-divisions of all Sweden's provinces were through hundreds (Swedish: härad). These were Småland's hundreds:

بلدات في سمولاند

قائمة البلدات في سمولاند، السويد

الرياضة

Football in the province is administered by Smålands Fotbollförbund.

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب "Folkmängd i landskapen den 31 december 2016" (in السويدية). Statistics Sweden. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  2. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica; Micropaedia Volume IX (1974) p. 278
  3. ^ "YWAM Småland | Sweden". YWAM Småland (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-11-13.
  4. ^ Kulturparken Småland. http://www.kulturparkensmaland.se/1.0.1.0/761/2/ Archived 2016-12-08 at the Wayback Machine;
  5. ^ Smålänningen är till sin natur vaken och intelligent, flitig och sträfsam, rask och hurtig, men likväl foglig till lynnet, händig och slug, hvilket allt medför åt honom den förmånen, att han äfven med små medel kan taga sig fram i lifvet. . p.62; source as above.
  6. ^ SSR TSR March 24, 2006

وصلات خارجية

Coordinates: 57°06′04″N 14°53′53″E / 57.101°N 14.898°E / 57.101; 14.898

الكلمات الدالة:
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