المعرفة

زاؤلجى

لمعلومات عن the village in eastern Poland، انظر Zaolzie, Lublin Voivodeship.

Zaolzie [zaˈɔlʑɛ] ( استمع) is the Polish name for an area now in the Czech Republic which was disputed between interwar Poland and Czechoslovakia. The name means "lands beyond the Olza River"; it is also called Śląsk zaolziański, meaning "trans-Olza Silesia". Equivalent terms in other languages include Zaolší (Zaolží) in Czech and Olsa-Gebiet in German. The Zaolzie region was created in 1920, when Cieszyn Silesia was divided between Czechoslovakia and Poland. Zaolzie forms the eastern part of the Czech portion of Cieszyn Silesia. The division did not satisfy any side, and persisting conflict over the region led to its annexation by Poland in October 1938, following the Munich Agreement. After German invasion of Poland in 1939, the area became a part of Nazi Germany until 1945. After the war, the 1920 borders were restored.

Historically, the largest specified ethnic group inhabiting this area were those identifying as Poles.[1] Under Austrian rule, Cieszyn Silesia was initially divided into three (Bielitz, Friedek and Teschen), and later into four districts (plus Freistadt). One of them, Frýdek, had a mostly Czech population, the other three were mostly inhabited by Poles.[2][3] During the 19th century the number of ethnic Germans grew. After declining at the end of the 19th century,[4] at the beginning of the 20th century and later from 1920 to 1938 the Czech population grew significantly (mainly as a result of immigration and the assimilation of locals) and Poles became a minority, which they are to this day. Another significant ethnic group were the Jews, but almost the entire Jewish population was murdered during World War II.

In addition to the Polish, Czech and German national orientations there was another group living in the area, the Ślązakowcy, who claimed a distinct Silesian national identity. This group enjoyed popular support throughout the whole of Cieszyn Silesia although its strongest supporters were among the Protestants in eastern part of the Cieszyn Silesia (now part of Poland) and not in Zaolzie itself.[5]

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Decision time (1918–1920)

انظر أيضاً: Polish-Czechoslovak border conflicts
Map of the plebiscite area of Cieszyn Silesia with various demarcation lines
Historical borders in the west of Cieszyn Silesia atop results of the 1910 census:
  Duchy of Teschen in the early 16th century
  over 90% Polish-speaking in 1910
  Border from the 5th November 1918
  Border from the 10th of December 1938
  Border from the 28th of July 1920 to 31th of October 1938 and from 9. Mai 1945

Cieszyn Silesia was claimed by both Poland and Czechoslovakia: the Polish Rada Narodowa Księstwa Cieszyńskiego made its claim in its declaration "Ludu śląski!" of 30 October 1918, and the Czech Zemský národní výbor pro Slezsko did so in its declaration of 1 November 1918.[6]


1918-19

Leadership of the Civic Defence – Czech paramilitary organisation active in Cieszyn Silesia


Czech anti-Polish leaflet aimed at Cieszyn Silesians


Part of Czechoslovakia (1920–1938)

Polish anti-Czech agitation leaflet


Part of Poland (1938–1939)

Polish Army entering Český Těšín (Czeski Cieszyn) in 1938
"For 600 years we have been waiting for you (1335–1938)." Ethnic Polish band welcoming the annexation of Zaolzie by the Polish Republic in Karviná, October 1938.
Decree on the official language on the annexed territory
"Zaolzie is ours!" – Polish newspaper Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny on 3 October 1938.


World War II

World War II memorial in Karviná


Since 1945

Polish Gorals from Jablunkov during PZKO festival in Karviná, 2007

In the European Union

Czech and Polish bilingual signs in Zaolzie
Těšín Theatre has a professional Polish ensemble


Census data

Ethnic structure of Zaolzie based on census results:

Year Total Poles Czechs Germans Slovaks
1880[4] 94,370 71,239 16,425 6,672 –
1890[4] 107,675 86,674 13,580 7,388 –
1900[4] 143,220 115,392 14,093 13,476 –
1910[4] 179,145 123,923 32,821 22,312 –
1921[7] 177,176 68,034 88,556 18,260 –
1930[8] 216,255 76,230 120,639 17,182 –
1939[9] 213,867 51,499 44,579 38,408 –
1950[10] 219,811 59,005 155,146 – 4,388
1961[10] 281,183 58,876 205,785 – 13,233
1970[11] 350,825 56,075 263,047 – 26,806
1980[10] 366,559 51,586 281,584 – 28,719
1991[10] 368,355 43,479 263,941 706 26,629

Sources: Zahradnik 1992, 178–179. Siwek 1996, 31–38.

انظر أيضاً

Footnotes

  1. ^ Zahradnik 1992, 16–17.
  2. ^ Watt 1998, 161.
  3. ^ Piotr Stefan Wandycz. France and Her Eastern Allies, 1919-1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno. University of Minnesota Press. 1962. pp. 75, 79
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث ج The 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 Austrian censuses asked people about the language they use. (Siwek 1996, 31.)
  5. ^ Hannan 1996, 47.
  6. ^ Gawrecká 2004, 21.
  7. ^ The 1921 Czechoslovak census asked people about their native language. (Siwek 1996, 32.)
  8. ^ People could declare a nationality other than that indicated by their native language. (Siwek 1996, 32.)
  9. ^ The German occupational census based nationality on self-declaration of citizens. The census was distorted by the occupational regime. (Siwek 1996, 32.)
  10. ^ أ ب ت ث The 1950, 1961, 1980 and 1991 Czechoslovak censuses based nationality on self-declaration of citizens. (Siwek 1996, 37–38.)
  11. ^ The 1970 Czechoslovak census asked people about their native language. (Siwek 1996, 37.)


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References

  • Długajczyk, Edward (1993). Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919–1939. Katowice: Śląsk. ISBN 83-85831-03-7.
  • Gabal, Ivan; collective (1999). Etnické menšiny ve Střední Evropě. Praha: G plus G; supported by the Nadace rozvoje občanské společnosti of the European Commission. ISBN 80-86103-23-4.
  • Gawrecká, Marie (2004). Československé Slezsko mezi světovými válkami 1918–1938. Opava: Silesian University in Ostrava. ISBN 80-7248-233-5.
  • Kovtun, Jiří (2005). Republika v nebezpečném světě; Éra prezidenta Masaryka 1918–1933. Praha: Torst; published in co-operation with Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. ISBN 80-7215-254-8.
  • Žáček, Rudolf (2004). Dějiny Slezska v datech. Praha: Libri. ISBN 80-7277-172-8.
  • Zahradnik, Stanisław; Marek Ryczkowski (1992). Korzenie Zaolzia. Warszawa – Praga – Trzyniec: PAI-press. OCLC 177389723.

Further reading

  • Kazimierz Badziak, Giennadij Matwiejew and Paweł Samuś (1997). "Powstanie" na Zaolziu w 1938 r.: Polska akcja specjalna w świetle dokumentów Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego WP. Warszawa: ADIUTOR. ISBN 83-86100-21-4.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Cieszyn Coordinates: 49°45′N 18°30′E / 49.750°N 18.500°E / 49.750; 18.500

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