المعرفة

ثيروڤاننثاپورام

(تم التحويل من تريڤاندروم)
هذا المقال هو عن المدينة. إذا كنت تريد الضلع، انظر ضلع ثيروڤاننثاپورام. إذا كنت تريد التجمع الحضري ثيروڤاننثاپورام، انظر ثيروڤاننثاپورام، المنطقة العمرانية.

ثيروڤاننثاپورام ( Thiruvananthapuram ؛ IPA: [t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm] ( استمع)), is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala. It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011.[2] The encompassing urban agglomeration population is around 1.68 million.[4] Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland, Thiruvananthapuram is a major Information Technology hub in Kerala and contributes 55% of the state's software exports as of 2016.[7][8] Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India",[9][1] the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills.[10]

ثيروڤاننثاپورام
Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum
حاضرة
Clockwise, from top: View of Kulathoor, Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Niyamasabha Mandiram, East Fort, Technopark, Kanakakkunnu Palace, Thiruvananthapuram Central and Kovalam Beach
Clockwise, from top: View of Kulathoor, Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Niyamasabha Mandiram, East Fort, Technopark, Kanakakkunnu Palace, Thiruvananthapuram Central and Kovalam Beach
الختم الرسمي لـ ثيروڤاننثاپورام
Seal
الكنية: 
Evergreen City of India[1]
ثيروڤاننثاپورام is located in كرلا
ثيروڤاننثاپورام
ثيروڤاننثاپورام
ثيروڤاننثاپورام is located in الهند
ثيروڤاننثاپورام
ثيروڤاننثاپورام
الإحداثيات: 08°29′15″N 76°57′9″E / 8.48750°N 76.95250°E / 8.48750; 76.95250Coordinates: 08°29′15″N 76°57′9″E / 8.48750°N 76.95250°E / 8.48750; 76.95250
Country الهند
State Kerala
DistrictThiruvananthapuram
الحكومة
 • النوعMunicipal Corporation
 • الكيانThiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation
 • العمدةK. Sreekumar
 • نائب العمدةRakhi Ravikumar
 • عضو البرلمانShashi Tharoor (INC)
 • City Police CommissionerSanjay Kumar Gurudeen
المساحة
[2]
 • حاضرة214 كم² (83 ميل²)
 • العمران
[3]
311 كم² (120 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة1st
المنسوب
10 m (30 ft)
التعداد
 (2011)[2]
 • حاضرة957٬730
 • الكثافة4٬500/km2 (12٬000/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
[4]
1٬687٬406
صفة المواطنTrivandrumite,[5] Trivian
اللغات
 • اللغة الرسميةMalayalam, English[6]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+5:30 (IST)
Postal Index Number
695 XXX
مفتاح الهاتف+91-(0)471
لوحة السيارة
  • KL-01 Trivandrum
  • KL-16 Attingal
  • KL-19 Parassala
  • KL-20 Neyyattinkara
  • KL-21 Nedumangad
  • KL-22 Kazhakootam
  • KL-74 Kattakkada
  • KL-81 Varkala
ClimateAm/Aw (Köppen)
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.corporationoftrivandrum.in

The Ays ruled the present regions of Thiruvananthapuram until the 10th century. With their fall in the 10th century, the city was taken over by the Chera dynasty.[11] The city was later taken over by the Kingdom of Venad in the 12th century.[11] In the 17th century the king Marthanda Varma expanded the territory and founded the princely state of Travancore and Thiruvananthapuram was made capital of Travancore.[12] Following India's independence in 1947, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore-Cochin state and remained capital when the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956.[13]

Thiruvananthapuram is a notable academic and research hub and is home to the University of Kerala, Kerala Technological University the regional headquarters of Indira Gandhi National Open University, and many other schools and colleges. Thiruvananthapuram is also home to research centres such as the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Indian Space Research Organisation's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, and a campus of the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research.[14] The city is home to media institutions like Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd, and is also home to Chitranjali Film Studio, one of the first film studios in Malayalam Cinema, and Kinfra Film and Video Park at Kazhakoottom, which is India's first Infotainment industrial park.[15]

Being India's largest city in the deep south, it is strategically prominent and hosts the Southern Air Command headquarters of the Indian Air Force, the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station and the upcoming Vizhinjam International Seaport. Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist centre, known for the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the beaches of Kovalam and Varkala, the backwaters of Poovar and Anchuthengu and its Western Ghats tracts of Ponmudi and the Agastyamala. In 2012, Thiruvananthapuram was named the best Kerala city to live in, by a field survey conducted by The Times of India.[16] In 2013, the city was ranked the fifteenth best city to live in India, in a survey conducted by India Today.[17] Thiruvananthapuram was ranked the best Indian city for two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016, according to the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) conducted by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy.[18] The city was also selected as the best governed city in India in a survey conducted by Janaagraha Centre for citizenship and democracy in 2017.[19]

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أصل الاسم

The city takes its name from the Malayalam word thiru-anantha-puram IPA: [t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm] (  استمع), meaning "The City of Lord Ananta",[20] referring to the deity of the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple located in the city. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in the literature, and popular reference as Ananthapuri derived from the Sanskrit word Syanandurapuram, meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by Swathi Thirunal, erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore.[21] The city was officially referred to as Trivandrum until 1991 (Trivandrum being the anglicised name of the town), when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram.[22]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ ثيروڤاننثاپورام
 
Painting by Raja Ravi Varma depicting Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos being greeted by Visakham Thirunal, with Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram in early 1880
 
Padmanabhaswamy Temple is the richest temple in the world. The rulers of Travancore ruled the kingdom as the servants of Sri. Padmanabha

Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.[23][24] It is believed that the ships of King Solomon landed in a port called Ophir (now Poovar) in Thiruvananthapuram in 1036 BCE.[25][26] The city was the trading post of spices, sandalwood and ivory.[27] However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The early rulers of the city were the Ays. Vizhinjam, which is now a region in the present-day Thiruvananthapuram, was the capital of the Ay dynasty.[28] Vizhinjam was an important port city from as early as 2nd century BC.[29][30] During the Ay dynasty rule, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed many battles in which the Chola and Pandyan dynasties attempted to capture the port town.[31][32] After the death of king Vikramaditya Varaguna in 925 AD, the glory of the Ays departed and almost all their territories became part of the Chera dynasty.[33][11] During the 10th century, the Cholas attacked and sacked Vizhinjam and surrounding regions.[11] The port in Vizhinjam and the historic education center of Kanthalloor Sala were also destroyed by Cholas during this period.[34][35] A branch of the Ay family, which had been controlling the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, merged with the Kingdom of Venad in the 12th century.[36][11]


الجغرافيا والمناخ

الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: جغرافيا ثيروڤاننثاپورام
 
منظر پاتوم، الجزء الشمالي الشرقي للمدينة. سلسلة جبال الغات الغربية تظهر في الخلفية.

المناخ

The city has a climate that borders a tropical savanna climate and a tropical monsoon climate. As a result, it does not experience distinct seasons. The mean maximum temperature of 34 °C (93 °F) and the mean minimum temperature is 21 °C (70 °F). The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season.[37] Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the south-west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June. The city receives heavy rainfall of around 1,827 millimetres (71.9 in) per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. The lowest temperature recorded in the city core was 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) on 6 January 1974 and the highest temperature was 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 4 April 2007.[38] At the airport, the lowest temperature recorded was 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) on 15 January 1975 and the highest temperature was 36.3 °C (97.3 °F) on 5 May 1998.[38]

قالب:Thiruvananthapuram weatherbox

السكان

آخرين منهم السيخية والبوذية وأديان أخرى (0.06%)
الدين في ثيروڤاننثاپورام [39]
الدين النسبة
الهندوسية
  
 68.51%
المسيحية
  
 16.79%
الإسلام
  
 13.77%
غير مذكور
  
 0.85%
غيرهم
  
 0.09%

الاقتصاد

المقالة الرئيسية: اقتصاد ثيروڤاننثاپورام
 
View of Technovalley, in the northwestern part of the city at night.
 
A part of Infosys campus. Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub in India.

Thiruvananthapuram's economy comprises Information Technology, education, plantations, aerospace, commerce and tourism.[40] Thiruvananthapuram district contributes 10.31%, of the state's GDP.[7] With an economic growth rate of 13.83%, Thiruvananthapuram is the fastest-growing district in Kerala.[7] Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top ten cities in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global financial services firm Morgan Stanley.[41] State- and central-government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce.[7] Thiruvananthapuram is a major aerospace research centre in India. The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, the most significant and leading centre of ISRO,[42] and several space-related, state-owned ISRO centres such as Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, and ISRO Inertial Systems Unit are based in Thiruvananthapuram.[43] The BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Limited is one of the leading missile integration and defence production units in India.[44] Other enterprises include Travancore Titanium Products, Kerala Automobiles Limited, MILMA, English Indian Clays, Keltron, Trivandrum Rubber Works and HLL Lifecare Limited.


السياحة

المقالة الرئيسية: السياحة في ثيروڤاننثاپورام
 
Harvesting lotus leaves from Vellayani Lake.
 
Paragliding at Varkala Beach.



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الثقافة

المقالة الرئيسية: ثقافة ثيروڤاننثاپورام
 
Established in 1855, the Napier Museum contains a vast collection of Ancient paintings and archaeological artefacts
 
Attukal Pongala festival marks the world's largest gathering of women


المدن الشقيقة

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in India

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

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  2. ^ أ ب ت "Thiruvananthapuram Corporation General Information". Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  3. ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF). demographia.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2011.
  4. ^ أ ب "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  5. ^ "Ramzan turns Kerala into a foodies' paradise". Times of India. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  6. ^ "The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969" (PDF). PRS Legislative Research. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث "Kerala Economic Review". Government of Kerala. Kerala State Planning Board. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  8. ^ "Kunhalikutty to lay foundation stone for Technopark tomorrow". Technopark. 24 February 2016.
  9. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram India". Destination 360. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  10. ^ Kapoor, Subodh (2002). The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. ISBN 8177552570.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Sreedhara Menon, A (2011). Kerala History and its Makers. D C Books. p. 35. ISBN 9788126437825. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  12. ^ Boland-Crewe, Tara; Lea, David (2003). The Territories and States of India (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. ISBN 9781135356255.
  13. ^ Abram, David; Edwards, Nick (2003). The Rough Guide to South India. Rough Guides. p. 306. ISBN 9781843531036. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  14. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram: One of the South's Hottest IT Hubs-DQWeek". www.dqweek.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  15. ^ Prasanna, Laxmi (23 November 2016). "With centres nod, foundation stone laid for KINFRA's second phase IT/ ITES Park in Thiruvananthapuram". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
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  17. ^ "India's Best Cities: Winners and Why they made it". India Today. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
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  19. ^ "Delhi, Mumbai not the best in urban governance, Thiruvananthapuram first". Hindusthan Times. HT Media Limited. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
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  21. ^ "Swati manuscripts found". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  22. ^ Balid, Vivek; Chatterji, Miabi; Reddy, Sujani; Vimalassery, Manu (2013). The sun never sets : South Asian migrants in an age of U.S. power. New York: NYU Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0814786437.
  23. ^ De Beth Hillel, David (1832). Travels (Madras publication).
  24. ^ Lord, James Henry (1977). The Jews in India and the Far East; Greenwood Press Reprint; ISBN 0-8371-2615-0.
  25. ^ The Business Directory, Kerala. National Publishers. 1972. p. 45.
  26. ^ The March of India, Volume 15, Issues 1–9. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 1963.
  27. ^ "Ancient Trade in Thiruvananthapuram". About Thiruvananthapuram. Technopark Kerala. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
  28. ^ Woodcock, George (1967). Kerala: a portrait of the Malabar coast. Faber & Faber. p. 65. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  29. ^ Mathew, K S (2016). Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade. Taylor & Francis. p. 27. ISBN 978-1351997522. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
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  31. ^ Babu George, Sarath (27 July 2015). "Vizhinjam in historical perspective". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  32. ^ Mahadevan, G (6 May 2014). "Shedding light on Vizhinjam's golden past". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  33. ^ Proceedings – Indian History Congress. Indian History Congress. 1987. p. 187. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  34. ^ Haridas, Aathira (17 April 2018). "Chronicles of Kanthalloor Sala which got lost in the mists of time". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  35. ^ Roy, Kaushik (2015). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 9781317321279. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  36. ^ Bhargava, ed. S.C. Bhatt, Gopal K. (2006). Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories. Gyan Publishing House. p. 438. ISBN 9788178353708. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram Climate". Weatherbase. Retrieved 25 August 2006.
  38. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة IMDextremes
  39. ^ "Population by Religious Community". Census of India. Archived from the original on 13 سبتمبر 2015. Retrieved 28 مارس 2018.
  40. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram economy". Smart City Thiruvananthapuram. C-DIT Government of Kerala. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  41. ^ "AlphaWise City Vibrancy Index: A Guide to India's Urbanization" (PDF). Morgan Stanley. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  42. ^ "Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)". Indian Space Research Organisation. Department of Space, Government of India. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  43. ^ "ISRO Centres". Indian Space Research Organisation. Department of Space, Government of India. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  44. ^ Chandran, Cynthia (22 December 2017). "Central Industrial Security Force to take over BrahMos security". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  45. ^ "Sister Cities". Galveston, TX. CivicPlus Content Management System. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  46. ^ "Interactive City Directory". City Search. Sister Cities International. Retrieved 19 July 2018.

للاستزادة

وصلات خارجية

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