برناول
برناول (روسية: Барнау́л; النطق الروسي: [bərnɐˈul]؛ إنگليزية: Barnaul) هي أكبر مدينة و المركز الاداري لكراي ألطاي، روسيا، وتقع عند اندماج نهري برناولكا و أوب في سهل غرب سيبيريا. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 612,401,[9] making it the 21st largest city in Russia and the 4th largest in the Siberian Federal District.
برناول
Барнаул | |
|---|---|
 برناول من على جسر على نهر أوب | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| النشيد: لا يوجد[2] | |
Location of برناول  | |
  برناول Location of برناول برناول برناول (روسيا) | |
| الإحداثيات: 53°20′N 83°45′E / 53.333°N 83.750°ECoordinates: 53°20′N 83°45′E / 53.333°N 83.750°E | |
| البلد | روسيا |
| الكيان الاتحادي | Altai Krai[1] |
| Established | 1730[3] |
| مدينة status since | 1771[4] |
| الحكومة | |
| • الكيان | City Duma[5] |
| • Head[7] | Sergey Dugin[6] |
| المساحة | |
| • الإجمالي | 940 كم² (360 ميل²) |
| المنسوب | 180 m (590 ft) |
| التعداد | |
| • الإجمالي | 612٬401 |
| • Estimate (2018) | 632٬372 (+3٫3%) |
| • الترتيب | 21st in 2010 |
| • الكثافة | 650/km2 (1٬700/sq mi) |
| • Subordinated to | City of krai significance of Barnaul[1] |
| • Capital of | كراي ألطاي[10], City of krai significance of Barnaul[1] |
| • Urban okrug | Barnaul Urban Okrug[11] |
| • Capital of | Barnaul Urban Okrug[11] |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+ ([12]) |
| Postal code(s)[13] | 656000, 656002–656004, 656006, 656008, 656010–656012, 656015, 656016, 656018, 656019, 656021, 656023–656025, 656031, 656033, 656035–656039, 656043–656045, 656048–656050, 656052–656060, 656062–656068, 656700, 656880, 656890, 656899, 656905, 656960, 656961, 656963–656966, 656998, 656999, 901024, 901213 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 3852 |
| OKTMO ID | 01701000001 |
| مدينة Day | One of the weekend days in August or September[3] |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | [<span%20class="url"> |
| 2010 Census | 612,401[9] |
|---|---|
| 2002 Census | 600,749[14] |
| 1989 Census | 601,811[15] |
| 1979 Census | 533,263[16] |
Located in the south of western Siberia on the left bank of the Ob River, Barnaul is a major transport, industrial, cultural, medical and educational hub of Siberia. Barnaul was founded by the wealthy Demidov family, who intended to develop the production of copper and silver, which continued after the factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became a major center of silver production in Russia. Barnaul was granted city status in 1771.
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الوضع الاداري والبلدي
Barnaul is the administrative center of the krai.[10] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the work settlement of Yuzhny and twenty-four rural localities, incorporated as the city of krai significance of Barnaul – an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as Barnaul Urban Okrug.[11]
الجغرافيا
Barnaul is located in the forest steppe zone of the West Siberian Plain, on the left bank of the Ob River, at the confluence of the Barnaulka and the Ob.
The border with Kazakhstan is 345 kilometers (210 mi) to the south, which makes Barnaul the closest major city to the Altai Mountains. The city is also situated relatively close to the Russian border with Mongolia and the border with China.
التاريخ
التاريخ القديم
The area around the city has been inhabited by modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans, for hundreds of thousands of years. They settled here to take advantage of the confluence of the rivers, used for transportation and fishing. In the late BC millennia, the locality was a centre of activity for Scythian and various Turkic peoples.[17]
الامبراطورية الروسية
While 1730 is considered Barnaul's official establishment date, its first mention dates back to 1724.[3] It was granted city status in 1771.[4] Chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, it was founded by the wealthy Demidov family.[4] The Demidovs wanted to develop the copper in the mountains, and soon found substantial deposits of silver as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became the center of silver production of the entire Russian Empire.[18]
In 1914, Barnaul was the site of the largest draft riot in Russia during World War I. There were more than 100 casualties from the fighting.[19]
Maria Stepanovna (née Zudilova) (1912–1996) was born and lived as a child in this city. She later became the mother of American actresses Natalie Wood (born Natalia Zakharenko) and Lana Wood (born Lana Gurdin).[20] Her father Stepan was killed in the 1918 street fighting between the Whites and Reds following the Revolution. Afterward her mother took Maria and her siblings as refugees to Harbin, China. Maria married a Russian there, and they had a daughter Olga together. Maria eventually immigrated with Olga to the United States, where she married another Russian immigrant, from Vladivostok, and had two daughters with him.[20]
الحرب العالمية الثانية
Over half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Union in World War II is estimated to have been manufactured in Barnaul.[21]
الاقتصاد
Barnaul is an important industrial center of Western Siberia. There are more than 100 industrial enterprises in the city, employing approximately 120,000 people. Leading industries include diesel and carbon processing; as well as production of heavy machinery, tyres, furniture and footwear.[22]
Transportation
Barnaul is located on the South Siberian, Turk–Sib and Omsk–Barnaul railway lines.[23] Barnaul has public transport of Bus, Trolley and Taxies.
المناخ
The humid continental climate of Barnaul (Köppen Dfb) is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian steppe: it is subject to long winters, with an average of −15.5 °C (4.1 °F) in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average temperature of 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from below −45 °C (−49 °F) in the winter to above 35 °C (95 °F) in the summer.
The climate is relatively dry. The average precipitation in the area is 433 millimeters (17.0 in) per year, 75% of which occurs during the region's warmer season. This means snow packs can be quite moderate in spite of the cold temperatures.
| بيانات مناخ برناول | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 5.3 (41.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
16.4 (61.5) |
32.3 (90.1) |
37.4 (99.3) |
36.6 (97.9) |
37.9 (100.2) |
38.3 (100.9) |
34.0 (93.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
38٫3 (100٫9) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -10.8 (12.6) |
-8.1 (17.4) |
-0.6 (30.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
20.1 (68.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.3 (75.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
-2.2 (28) |
-8.5 (16.7) |
8٫5 (47٫3) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | -15.5 (4.1) |
-13.7 (7.3) |
-6.5 (20.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
12.8 (55) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
-6.3 (20.7) |
-12.9 (8.8) |
2٫6 (36٫7) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -20.1 (-4.2) |
-18.7 (-1.7) |
-11.8 (10.8) |
-1.2 (29.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
5.6 (42.1) |
-0.4 (31.3) |
-10.0 (14) |
-17.4 (0.7) |
−2٫5 (27٫5) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -48.2 (-54.8) |
-42.9 (-45.2) |
-35.5 (-31.9) |
-27.6 (-17.7) |
-8.8 (16.2) |
-1.2 (29.8) |
2.9 (37.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
-7.8 (18) |
-27.0 (-16.6) |
-38.9 (-38) |
-43.1 (-45.6) |
−48٫2 (−54٫8) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 24 (0.94) |
18 (0.71) |
17 (0.67) |
28 (1.1) |
40 (1.57) |
55 (2.17) |
68 (2.68) |
44 (1.73) |
43 (1.69) |
37 (1.46) |
37 (1.46) |
31 (1.22) |
433 (17٫05) |
| % Humidity | 78 | 76 | 74 | 63 | 55 | 64 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 73 | 79 | 79 | 71 |
| Avg. rainy days | 0.4 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 6 | 1 | 118 |
| Avg. snowy days | 22 | 20 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 18 | 24 | 122 |
| Sunshine hours | 77 | 112 | 178 | 218 | 272 | 315 | 320 | 265 | 199 | 109 | 75 | 64 | 2٬204 |
| Source #1: pogoda.ru.net[24] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)[25] | |||||||||||||
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أشخاص بارزون
- Andrei Svechnikov, hockey player; drafted 2nd overall in the 2018 draft by the Carolina Hurricanes
- Evgeny Svechnikov, Detroit Red Wings prospect in the NHL
- ماريا بوتينا، ناشطة سياسية وعميلة روسية مزعومة
- Pyotr Kozmitch Frolov, scientist and inventor
- Tatyana Kotova, Olympic champion in long jump
- Julia Neigel, singer, songwriter
- Ivan Nifontov, World champion and Olympic medalist in Judo
- Alexey Novikov-Priboy, writer
- Ivan Polzunov, inventor, creator of the first two-cylinder engine in the world
- Konstantin Scherbakov, pianist
- Sergey Shubenkov, track and field athlete, 2015 world champion[26]
- Nadezhda Shuvayeva-Olkhova, Olympic champion in basketball
- Alexey Smertin, former captain of the Russia national football team
- Rita Streich, coloratura soprano
- Nikolai Yadrintsev, explorer and archeologist, discoveries include the Orkhon script, Genghis Khan's capital, Karakorum
- Mikhail Yakubov, NHL and KNL professional hockey player
- Mikhail Yevdokimov, comedian and former governor of Altai Krai
بلدات توأم – مدن شقيقة
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
الهامش
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Law #28-ZS
- ^ According to Article 5 of the Charter of Barnaul, the official symbols of the city Archived فبراير 24, 2017 at the Wayback Machine include only a flag and a coat of arms.
- ^ أ ب ت Charter of Barnaul, Article 4
- ^ أ ب ت Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. pp. 36–38. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ Charter of Barnaul, Article 37
- ^ Official website of Barnaul. City Administration Archived يونيو 22, 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in روسية)
- ^ Charter of Barnaul, Article 46
- ^ Official website of Barnaul. Geography Archived يونيو 2, 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in روسية)
- ^ أ ب ت Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ أ ب Charter of Altai Krai, Article 6
- ^ أ ب ت Law #144-ZS
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года[All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России. (All Union Population Census of 1979. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of Russia.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года (All-Union Population Census of 1979) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1979. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Minns, Ellis Hovell (January 13, 2011). Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108024877. Retrieved January 1, 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Пятые Бородавкинские чтения". new.hist.asu.ru. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^ Sanborn, Josh. "The Mobilization of 1917 and the Question of the Russian Nation." Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 2: pp. 267-89.
- ^ أ ب Lambert, Gavin (2004). Natalie Wood: A Life, London: Faber and Faber, p.8. ISBN 978-0-571-22197-4
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Barnaul". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- ^ "Weather And Climate - Climate Barnaul" (in الروسية). Retrieved May 14, 2015.
- ^ "Climate Normals for Barnaul". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ^ "Сергей Шубенков выиграл "золото" на Чемпионате мира по лёгкой атлетике в Пекине". Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^ "США, Испания и Китай: в каких еще странах у Барнаула есть города-побратимы?". tolknews.ru (in الروسية). Tolk. 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ^ "Град Шумен – Как да ни намерите". tourism-shumen.com (in البلغارية). Tourism Shumen. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
المصادر
وصلات خارجية
Barnaul travel guide from Wikivoyage
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 3 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)- Official website (in روسية)
