المعرفة

الاتحاد السويسري القديم

(تم التحويل من الكونفدرالية السويسرية القديمة)

The Old Swiss Confederacy or Swiss Confederacy (Modern German: Alte Eidgenossenschaft; historically Eidgenossenschaft, after the Reformation also Corps des Suisses, Confoederatio helvetica "Confederation of the Swiss") was a loose confederation of independent small states (cantons, German Orte or Stände[6]) initially within the Holy Roman Empire. It is the precursor of the modern state of Switzerland.

Old Swiss Confederacy

Corpus helveticum  (ألمانية)[1]
Corps helvétique  (فرنسية)[2]
Corpo helvetico  (إيطالية)[3]
Confoederatio helvetica  (لاتينية)[3]
1300ح. 1300 – 1798
علم Swiss Confederacy
Swiss cross
(field sign 1470–1500ح. 1470–1500)
The Old Swiss Confederacy in the 18th century with modern Swiss national border (in red)
The Old Swiss Confederacy in the 18th century with modern Swiss national border (in red)
العاصمةNone[4]
اللغات الرسميةGerman[5]
اللغات المشتركةMiddle French / French, Alemannic German, Lombard, Rhaeto-Romansh[بحاجة لمصدر]
الدين
Catholic
Reformed
الحكومةConfederation
التشريعTagsatzung
التاريخ 
• Death of Rudolf I
15 July 1291
• Rütlischwur, Burgenbruch
1291
1356
13–14 September 1515
1529 and 1531
• Formal independence from the HRE
15 May/24 October 1648
January–June 1653
• Collapse
5 March 1798
العملةAbout 75 different local currencies, including Basel thaler, Berne thaler, Fribourg gulden, Geneva thaler, Geneva genevoise, Luzern gulden, Neuchâtel gulden, St. Gallen thaler, Schwyz gulden, Solothurn thaler, Valais thaler, Zürich thaler
سبقها		 تلاها
House of Habsburg
House of Zähringen
House of Kyburg
House of Werdenberg
Imperial Abbey of Saint Gall
Duchy of Milan
Barony of Vaud
Duchy of Burgundy
Holy Roman Empire
Helvetic Republic

It formed during the 14th century, from a nucleus in what is now Central Switzerland, expanding to include the cities of Zürich and Berne by the middle of the century. This formed a rare union of rural and urban communes, all of which enjoyed imperial immediacy in the Holy Roman Empire.

This confederation of eight cantons (Acht Orte) was politically and militarily successful for more than a century, culminating in the Burgundy Wars of the 1470s which established it as a power in the complicated political landscape dominated by France and the Habsburgs. Its success resulted in the addition of more confederates, increasing the number of cantons to thirteen (Dreizehn Orte) by 1513. The confederacy pledged neutrality in 1647 (under the threat of the Thirty Years' War), although many Swiss served privately as mercenaries in the Italian Wars and during the Early Modern period.

After the Swabian War of 1499 the confederacy was a de facto independent state throughout the early modern period, although still nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648 when the Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War. The Swiss Reformation divided the confederates into Reformed and Catholic parties, resulting in internal conflict from the 16th to the 18th centuries; as a result, the federal diet (Tagsatzung) was often paralysed by hostility between the factions. The Swiss Confederacy fell to invasion by the French Revolutionary Army in 1798, after which it became the short-lived Helvetic Republic.

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Name

المقالة الرئيسية: Eidgenossenschaft and Name of Switzerland
 
The "Swiss Bull" (Der Schweitzer Stier), horns decorated with a wreath showing the coats of arms of the Thirteen Cantons of the Confederacy (1584)

The adjective "old" was introduced after the Napoleonic era with Ancien Régime, retronyms distinguishing the pre-Napoleonic from the restored confederation. During its existence the confederacy was known as Eidgenossenschaft or Eydtgnoschafft ("oath fellowship"), in reference to treaties among cantons; this term was first used in the 1370 Pfaffenbrief. Territories of the confederacy came to be known collectively as Schweiz or Schweizerland (Schwytzerland in contemporary spelling), with the English Switzerland beginning during the mid-16th century. From that time the Confederacy was seen as a single state, also known as the Swiss Republic (Republic der Schweitzer, République des Suisses and Republica Helvetiorum by Josias Simmler in 1576) after the fashion of calling individual urban cantons republics (such as the Republics of Zürich, Berne and Basel).


History

 
Territorial development of Old Swiss Confederacy, 1291–1797

Foundation

المقالة الرئيسية: Foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy
للمزيد من المعلومات: Medieval history of Switzerland

List of territories

Cantons

المقالة الرئيسية: Thirteen Cantons
للمزيد من المعلومات: Cantons of Switzerland
 
The 13 cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy
 
Structure of the Confederacy during the 18th century

The confederation expanded in several stages: first to the Eight Cantons (Acht Orte), then in 1481 to ten, in 1501 to twelve, and finally to thirteen cantons (Dreizehn Orte).[7]

  • Founding cantons (Urkantone):
  • 14th century: expansion to the Achtörtige Eidgenossenschaft following the battles of Morgarten and Laupen:
    •   Lucerne, city canton, since 1332
    •   Zürich, city canton, since 1351
    •   Glarus, rural canton, since 1352
    •   Zug, city canton, since 1352
    •   Berne, city canton, since 1353; associate since 1323
  • 15th century: expansion to the Zehnörtige Eidgenossenschaft following the Burgundian Wars:
    •   Fribourg, city canton, since 1481; associate since 1454
    •   Solothurn, city canton, since 1481; associate since 1353
  • 16th century: expansion to the Dreizehnörtige Eidgenossenschaft following the Swabian War:

Associates

 
Associate states of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the 18th century

Associates (Zugewandte Orte) were close allies of the Old Swiss Confederacy, connected to the union by alliance treaties with all or some of the individual members of the confederacy.

Closest associates

Three of the associates were known as Engere Zugewandte:


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Eternal associates

Two federations were known as Ewige Mitverbündete:

  •   Sieben Zenden, an independent federation in the Valais – Became a Zugewandter Ort in 1416 through an alliance with Uri, Unterwalden and Lucerne, followed by a treaty with Berne in 1446.
  • Three Leagues were independent federations on the territory of the Grisons and became an associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1497/98 through the events of the Swabian War. The Three Leagues together concluded an alliance pact with Berne in 1602.
    •   Grey League, who had been allied with Glarus, Uri and Obwalden through pacts from 1400, 1407 and 1419, entered an alliance with seven of the old eight cantons (the Acht Orte without Berne) in 1497
    •   League of God's House (Gotteshausbund) followed suit a year later.
    •   League of the Ten Jurisdictions, the third of the leagues, entered an alliance with Zürich and Glarus in 1590.

Protestant associates

There were two Evangelische Zugewandte:

  •   Imperial City of Mulhouse – Concluded a first treaty with some cantons in 1466 and became an associate in 1515 through a treaty with all 13 members of the Confederacy, remaining so until events of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1797.
  •   Imperial City of Geneva – 1536 treaty with Berne and a 1584 treaty with Zürich and Berne.

Other

  •   County of Neuchâtel – 1406 and 1526 treaties with Berne and Solothurn, 1495 treaty with Fribourg and 1501 treaty with Lucerne.
  •   Imperial Valley of Urseren – 1317 treaty with Uri; annexed by Uri in 1410.
  •   Weggis – 1332–1380 by treaties with Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Lucerne; annexed by Lucerne in 1480.
  •   Murten – from 1353 by treaty with Berne; became a confederal condominium in 1475.
  •   Payerne – from 1353 by treaty with Berne; annexed by Berne in 1536.
  •   County of Sargans – from 1437 by treaty with Glarus and Schwyz; became a confederal condominium in 1483.
  •   Barony of Sax-Forstegg – from 1458 by treaty with Zürich; annexed by Zürich in 1615
  •   Stein am Rhein – from 1459 by treaty with Zürich and Schaffhausen; annexed by Zürich in 1484.
  •   County of Gruyère – had been allied with Fribourg and Berne since the early 14th century, becoming a full associate of the Confederation in 1548. When the counts fell bankrupt in 1555, the country was partitioned in twain:[8]
    • Lower Gruyère – from 1475 by treaty with Fribourg
    • Upper Gruyère – from 1403 by treaty with Berne; annexed by Berne in 1555:
  •   County of Werdenberg – from 1493 by treaty with Lucerne; annexed by Glarus in 1517.
  •   Imperial City of Rottweil – from 1519–1632 through a treaty with all 13 members; a first treaty on military cooperation had already been concluded in 1463. In 1632, the treaty was renewed with Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, Solothurn and Fribourg.
  •   Bishopric of Basel – 1579–1735 by treaty with Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, Solothurn and Fribourg.

Condominiums

Condominiums (ألمانية: Gemeine Herrschaften) were common subject territories under the administration of several cantons. They were governed by reeves (Vögte) delegated for two years, each time from another of the responsible cantons. Berne initially did not participate in the administration of some of the eastern condominiums, as it had no part in their conquest and its interests were focused more on the western border. In 1712, Berne replaced the Catholic cantons in the administration of the Freie Ämter ("Free Districts"), the Thurgau, the Rhine valley, and Sargans, and furthermore the Catholic cantons were excluded from the administration of the County of Baden.[9]

German bailiwicks

The "German bailiwicks" (ألمانية: Deutsche Gemeine Vogteien, Gemeine Herrschaften) were generally governed by the Acht Orte apart from Berne until 1712, when Bern joined the sovereign powers:


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Italian bailiwicks

المقالة الرئيسية: Ennetbirgische Vogteien

Several bailiwicks (Vogteien) were generally referred to as "transmontane bailiwicks" (ألمانية: Ennetbergische Vogteien, إيطالية: Baliaggi Ultramontani). In 1440, Uri conquered the Leventina Valley from the Visconti, dukes of Milan. Some of this territory had previously been annexed between 1403 and 1422. Further territories were acquired in 1500; see History of Ticino for further details.

Three bailiwicks, all now in the Ticino, were condominiums of the Forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden:

Four other Ticinese bailiwicks were condominiums of the Zwölf Orte (the original 13 cantons, minus Appenzell) from 1512:

Another three bailiwicks were condominiums of the Zwölf Orte from 1512, but were lost from the Confederacy three years later and are all now comuni of Lombardy:

Two-party condominiums

Bern and Fribourg
Glarus and Schwyz
Condominiums with third-parties

Protectorates

  •   Bellelay Abbey – protectorate of Bern, Biel and Solothurn from 1414; nominally under the jurisdiction of the Bishopric of Basel
  •   Einsiedeln Abbey – protectorate of Schwyz from 1357
  •   Engelberg Abbey – protectorate of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden from 1425
  •   Erguel – protectorate of Biel/Bienne under military jurisdiction from 1335; also subject to the Bishopric of Basel
  •   Imperial Abbey of St. Gallen – protectorate of Schwyz, Lucerne, Zürich and Glarus from 1451; the abbey was simultaneously a Zugewandter Ort.
  •   Republic of Gersau, an independent village – allied with Schwyz since 1332; Lucerne, Uri and Unterwalden were also protecting powers.
  •   Moutier-Grandval Abbey – protectorate of Berne from 1486; the abbey was also subject to the Bishopric of Basel and, until 1797, the Holy Roman Empire
  •   La Neuveville – protectorate of Berne from 1388; also subject to the Bishopric of Basel.
  •   Pfäfers Abbey – protectorate of the Acht Orte minus Berne from 1460; annexed to the County of Sargans in 1483
  •   Rapperswil – protectorate of Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Glarus from 1464; of Zürich, Berne and Glarus from 1712
  •   County of Toggenburg – protectorate of Schwyz and Glarus from 1436; of Zürich and Berne from 1718. The county was simultaneously subject to St Gallen Abbey.

Separate subjects

Some territories were separate subjects of cantons or associates, Einzelörtische Untertanen von Länderorten und Zugewandten:

Uri

Schwyz

Glarus

Valais

Three Leagues

Notes and references

  1. ^ Corpus helveticum, in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  2. ^ Corps helvétique, in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  3. ^ أ ب Corpo helvetico, in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  4. ^ Kaufmann, David (2018). "4. Bern: the government city". Varieties of Capital Cities. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781788116435.
  5. ^ Ayres-Bennett, Wendy; Carruthers, Janice (2018). Manual of Romance Sociolinguistics. De Gruyter. p. 529. ISBN 9783110365955.
  6. ^ In the charters of the 14th century described as "communities" (communitas hominum, Lantlüte), the German term Orte becomes common in the early 15th century, used alongside Stand "estate" after the Reformation. The French term canton is used in Fribourg in 1475, and after 1490 is increasingly used in French and Italian documents. It only enters occasional German usage after 1648, and only gains official status as synonym of Stand with the Act of Mediation of 1803. Kantone in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Version of 2016.
  7. ^ Im Hof, U.. Geschichte der Schweiz, 7th ed., Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1974/2001. ISBN 3-17-017051-1. (in ألمانية)
  8. ^ Boschetti-Maradi, A.: County of Gruyère in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Version of 2004-06-28.
  9. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة eidg

للاستزادة

  • Aubert, J.-F.: Petite histoire constitutionnelle de la Suisse, 2nd ed.; Francke Editions, Bern, 1974. (in فرنسية)
  • Peyer, H. C.: Verfassungsgeschichte der alten Schweiz, Schulthess Polygraphischer Verlag, Zürich, 1978. ISBN 3-7255-1880-7. (in ألمانية)

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