المعرفة

الطيور الجديدة

Neoaves is a clade that consists of all modern birds (Neornithes or Aves) with the exception of Paleognathae (ratites and kin) and Galloanserae (ducks, chickens and kin).[4] Almost 95% of the roughly 10,000 known species of extant birds belong to the Neoaves.[5]

Neoavians
Temporal range: Paleocene – Holocene, 62.5–0 Ma[1]
Possible Late Cretaceous origin based on molecular clock[2][3]
Podiceps cristatus 2 - Lake Dulverton.jpg
Great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus)
ملف:House sparrow David Raju (2).jpg
House sparrow (Passer domesticus)
التصنيف العلمي e
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): الحياة
مملكة: الحيوانية
Phylum: حبليات
Class: طيور
دون الفصل: حديثات الفك
فوق الرتبة: الطيور_الجديدة
Sibley et al., 1988
Clades

The early diversification of the various neoavian groups occurred very rapidly around the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event,[6][7] and attempts to resolve their relationships with each other have resulted initially in much controversy.[8][9]

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Phylogeny

The early diversification of the various neoavian groups occurred very rapidly around the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.[10] As a result of the rapid radiation attempts to resolve their relationships have produced conflicting results, some quite controversial, especially in the earlier studies.[11][12][13] Nevertheless, some recent large phylogenomic studies of Neoaves have led to much progress on defining orders and supraordinal groups within Neoaves, even though they have failed to come to a consensus on an overall high order topology of these groups.[14][15][16][13] A genomic study of 48 taxa by Jarvis et al. (2014) divided Neoaves into two main clades, Columbea and Passerea, but an analysis of 198 taxa by Prum et al. (2015) recovered different groupings for the earliest split in Neoaves.[14][15] A reanalysis with an extended dataset by Reddy et al. (2017) suggested this was due to the type of sequence data, with coding sequences favouring the Prum topology.[16] The disagreement on topology even with large phylogenomic studies led Suh (2016) to propose a hard polytomy of nine clades as the base of Neoaves.[17] An analysis by Houde et al. (2019) recovered Columbea and a reduced hard polytomy of six clades within Passerea.[18]

Nevertheless, these studies do agree on a number of supraorderal groups, which Reddy et al. (2017) dubbed the "magnificent seven", which together with three "orphaned orders" make up Neoaves.[16] Significantly, they both include a large waterbird clade (Aequornithes) and a large landbird clade (Telluraves). The groups defined by Reddy et al. (2017) are as follows:

  • The "magnificent seven" supraordinal clades:
  1. Telluraves (landbirds)
  2. Aequornithes (waterbirds)
  3. Eurypygimorphae (sunbittern, kagu and tropicbirds)
  4. Otidimorphae (turacos, bustards and cuckoos)
  5. Strisores (nightjars, swifts, hummingbirds and allies)
  6. Columbimorphae (mesites, sandgrouse and pigeons)
  7. Mirandornithes (flamingos and grebes)

 

Comparison of different proposals for Neoavian radiation
Jarvis et al. (2014)[4]

 

Columbea

 

Mirandornithes (flamingos, grebes)

 
 

Columbimorphae (pigeons, mesites, sandgrouse)

 
 
Passerea

 

Otidae

 

Otidimorphae (cuckoos, bustards, turacos)

 
 

Strisores (hummingbirds, swifts, nightbirds)

 
 
 
 

 

Gruae

 

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

 
Gruimorphae

 

Gruiformes (cranes, rails)

 
 

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

 
 
 
 
 

Phaethoquornithes

 

Aequornithes (core waterbirds)

 
 

Eurypgimorphae (sunbittern, kagu, tropicbirds)

 
 
Telluraves

 

Afroaves

 
 

Australaves

 
(core landbirds)
 
 
 
 
Prum et al. (2015)[19]

 

 

Strisores (hummingbirds, swifts, nightbirds)

 
 

 

Columbaves

 

Columbimorphae (pigeons, mesites, sandgrouse)

 
 

Otidimorphae (cuckoos, bustards, turacos)

 
 
 
 

 

Gruiformes (cranes, rails)

 
 

Aequorlitornithes

 

 

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

 
 

Mirandornithes (flamingoes, grebes)

 
 
Phaethoquornithes

 

Aequornithes (core waterbirds)

 
 

Eurypgimorphae (sunbittern, kagu, tropicbirds)

 
 
(waterbirds)
Inopinaves

 

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

 
 

Telluraves (core landbirds)

 
 
 
 
 
 
Suh (2016) — a hard polytomy[17]

 

 

Columbimorphae (pigeons, mesites, sandgrouse)

 
 

Otidimorphae (cuckoos, bustards, turacos)

 
 

Strisores (hummingbirds, swifts, nightbirds)

 
 

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

 
 

Gruiformes (cranes, rails)

 
 

Mirandornithes (flamingoes, grebes)

 
 

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

 
 

Phaethoquornithes

 

Aequornithes (core waterbirds)

 
 

Eurypgimorphae (sunbittern, kagu, tropicbirds)

 
 
 
 

Telluraves

 

Afroaves

 
 

Australaves

 
(core landbirds)
 
 
Reddy et al. (2017)[16]

 

Columbea

 

Mirandornithes (flamingos, grebes)

 
 

Columbimorphae (pigeons, mesites, sandgrouse)

 
 
Passerea

 

 

Otidimorphae (cuckoos, bustards)*

 
 

 

Gruiformes (cranes, rails)*

 
 

Aequornithes (core waterbirds)

 
 
 
 

 

 

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

 
 

 

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

 
 

 

Strisores (hummingbirds, swifts, nightbirds)

 
 

 

Eurypygimorphae (sunbittern, kagu, tropicbirds)

 
 

Telluraves (core landbirds)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • Turacos were recovered outside Otidimorphae as sister to Gruiformes
Kuhl et al. (2020)[2]

 

 

Mirandornithes (flamingos, grebes)

 
 

 

 

 

Columbaves

 

Columbimorphae (pigeons, sandgrouse, mesites; plus cuckoos)

 
 

Otidimorphae (turacos, bustards; without cuckoos)

 
 
 

 

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

 
 

Strisores (hummingbirds, swifts, nightbirds)

 
 
 
 

Gruimorphae

 

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

 
 

Gruiformes (cranes, rails)

 
 
 
 
 
 

 

Phaethoquornithes

 

Eurypygimorphae (sunbittern, kagu, tropicbirds)

 
 

Aequornithes (core waterbirds)

 
 
 
 

Telluraves (core landbirds)

 
 
 
 
Braun & Kimball (2021) — a hard polytomy in Passerea[20]

 

 

Mirandornithes (flamingos, grebes)

 
 

Columbimorphae (pigeons, sandgrouse, mesites)

 
Passerea

 

Otidimorphae (bustards and cuckoos without turacos)

 
 

Musophagiformes (turacos)

 
 

Charadriiformes (shorebirds)

 
 

Gruiformes (cranes, rails)

 
 

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)

 
 

Strisores (hummingbirds, swifts, nightbirds)

 
Phaethoquornithes

 

Eurypygimorphae (sunbittern, kagu, tropicbirds)

 
 

Aequornithes (core waterbirds)

 
 
 

Telluraves (core landbirds)

 
 
 


The following cladogram illustrates the proposed relationships between all neoavian bird clades. This consensus phylogeny of birds is based on phylogenomic data, reflecting a recent phylogenomic supertree analysis[21] and modified after two more recent phylogenomic studies.[20][2]

Neoaves

Mirandornithes

 

Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)ملف:Cuvier-87-Flamant rouge.jpg

 
 

Podicipediformes (grebes)ملف:Podiceps cristatus Naumann white background.jpg

 
 
Columbimorphae

 

Columbiformes (pigeons)

 
 

 

Mesitornithiformes (mesites)ملف:Monias benschi 1912 white background.jpg

 
 

Pterocliformes (sandgrouse)ملف:Pterocles quadricinctus white background.jpg

 
 
 
Passerea

 

Charadriiformes (waders and relatives) 

 
 

Gruiformes (rails and cranes) 

 
 

Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin) 

 
Strisores

 

Caprimulgiformes (nightjars)

 
 

 

Steatornithiformes (oilbird)  

 
 

Nyctibiiformes (potoos)

 
 

 

Podargiformes (frogmouths)

 
 

 

Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars)

 
 

Nyctibiiformes (swifts, treeswifts and hummingbirds)  

 
 
 
 
 
Otidimorphae

 

Otidiformes (bustards) 

 
 

Cuculiformes (cuckoos) 

 
 

Musophagiformes (turacos) 

 
 
Phaethoquornithes

Eurypygimorphae

 

Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds) 

 
 

Eurypygiformes (sunbittern and kagu) 

 
 
Aequornithes

 

Gaviiformes[22] (loons)

 
 

Austrodyptornithes

 

Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels)  

 
 

Sphenisciformes (penguins)  

 
 
 

 

Ciconiiformes (storks)  

 
 

 

Suliformes (boobies, cormorants, etc.)  

 
 

Pelecaniformes (pelicans, herons & ibises)  

 
 
 
 
 
 
Telluraves

Accipitrimorphae

 

Cathartiformes (New World vultures) 

 
 

Accipitriformes (hawks and relatives) 

 
 
 

Strigiformes (owls) 

 
Coraciimorphae

 

Coliiformes (mouse birds)

 
Cavitaves

 

Leptosomiformes (cuckoo roller)

 
 

 

Trogoniformes (trogons and quetzals) 

 
Picocoraciae

 

Bucerotiformes (hornbills and relatives)

 
Picodynastornithes

 

Coraciiformes (kingfishers and relatives) 

 
 

Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives)

 
 
 
 
 
 
Australaves

 

Cariamiformes (seriemas) 

 
Eufalconimorphae

 

Falconiformes (falcons) 

 
Psittacopasserae

 

Psittaciformes (parrots) 

 
 

Passeriformes (passerines) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 


References

  1. ^ Ksepka, Daniel T.; Stidham, Thomas A.; Williamson, Thomas E. (25 July 2017). "Early Paleocene landbird supports rapid phylogenetic and morphological diversification of crown birds after the K–Pg mass extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (30): 8047–8052. doi:10.1073/pnas.1700188114. PMC 5544281. PMID 28696285.
  2. ^ أ ب ت Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020). "An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38: 108–127. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191. PMC 7783168. PMID 32781465.
  3. ^ Field, Daniel J.; Benito, Juan; Chen, Albert; Jagt, John W. M.; Ksepka, Daniel T. (March 2020). "Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds". Nature. 579 (7799): 397–401. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2096-0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 32188952. S2CID 212937591.
  4. ^ أ ب Jarvis, E. D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
  5. ^ Ericson, Per G.P.; et al. (2006). "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils" (PDF). Biology Letters. 2 (4): 543–547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523. PMC 1834003. PMID 17148284. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  6. ^ McCormack, J.E.; et al. (2013). "A phylogeny of birds based on over 1,500 loci collected by target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54848. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854848M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054848. PMC 3558522. PMID 23382987.
  7. ^ Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (2015). "A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds". Sci Adv. 1 (11): e1501005. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501005. PMC 4730849. PMID 26824065.
  8. ^ Mayr, G (2011). "Metaves, Mirandornithes, Strisores and other novelties - a critical review of the higher-level phylogeny of neornithine birds". J Zool Syst Evol Res. 49: 58–76. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00586.x.
  9. ^ Matzke, A. et al. (2012) Retroposon insertion patterns of neoavian birds: strong evidence for an extensive incomplete lineage sorting era Mol. Biol. Evol.
  10. ^ Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (2015). "A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds". Sci Adv. 1 (11): e1501005. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501005. PMC 4730849. PMID 26824065.
  11. ^ Mayr, G (2011). "Metaves, Mirandornithes, Strisores and other novelties - a critical review of the higher-level phylogeny of neornithine birds". J Zool Syst Evol Res. 49: 58–76. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00586.x.
  12. ^ Matzke, A. et al. (2012) Retroposon insertion patterns of neoavian birds: strong evidence for an extensive incomplete lineage sorting era Mol. Biol. Evol.
  13. ^ أ ب Braun, Edward L.; Cracraft, Joel; Houde, Peter (2019). "Resolving the Avian Tree of Life from Top to Bottom: The Promise and Potential Boundaries of the Phylogenomic Era". Avian Genomics in Ecology and Evolution. pp. 151–210. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16477-5_6. ISBN 978-3-030-16476-8.
  14. ^ أ ب Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
  15. ^ أ ب Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornburg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526 (7574): 569–573. doi:10.1038/nature15697. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158.
  16. ^ أ ب ت ث Reddy, Sushma; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Pandey, Akanksha; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Michael J.; Hackett, Shannon J.; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Kingston, Sarah; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki; Braun, Edward L. (2017). "Why Do Phylogenomic Data Sets Yield Conflicting Trees? Data Type Influences the Avian Tree of Life more than Taxon Sampling". Systematic Biology. 66 (5): 857–879. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx041. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 28369655.
  17. ^ أ ب Suh, Alexander (2016). "The phylogenomic forest of bird trees contains a hard polytomy at the root of Neoaves". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 50–62. doi:10.1111/zsc.12213. ISSN 0300-3256.
  18. ^ Houde, Peter; Braun, Edward L.; Narula, Nitish; Minjares, Uriel; Mirarab, Siavash (2019). "Phylogenetic Signal of Indels and the Neoavian Radiation". Diversity. 11 (7): 108. doi:10.3390/d11070108. ISSN 1424-2818.
  19. ^ Prum, R.O.; et al. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526 (7574): 569–573. doi:10.1038/nature15697. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158.
  20. ^ أ ب Braun, E.L. & Kimball, R.T. (2021) Data types and the phylogeny of Neoaves. Birds, 2(1), 1-22; https://doi.org/10.3390/birds2010001
  21. ^ Kimball, R.T.; Oliveros, C.H.; Wang, N.; White, N.D.; Barker, F.K.; Field, D.J.; Ksepka, D.T.; Chesser, R.T.; Moyle, R.G.; & Braun, M.J. (2019) A phylogenomic supertree of birds. Diversity 2019, 11, 109.
  22. ^ Boyd, John (2007). "NEORNITHES: 46 Orders" (PDF). John Boyd's website. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
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