المعرفة

الريڤييرا الفرنسية

(تم التحويل من الريفييرا الفرنسية)
"Côte d'Azur" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر Côte d'Azur (توضيح).
"Blue Coast" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر Blue Coast Records.

الريڤييرا الفرنسية أو كوت دازور Cote d'Azur النهاية الشرقية لساحل البحر المتوسط في فرنسا. وتشمل هذه المنطقة جزءًا من الريفييرا الفرنسية، وهي منتجع مشهور لقضاء العطلات. ويعني الاسم الفرنسي كوت دازور ساحل اللازورد، وقد أطلق الاسم على المنطقة بسبب الزرقة الجميلة للبحر والسماء. وتمتد على الشاطئ بساتين النخيل وأشجار البرتقال، وحدائق الأزهار الاستوائية المتألقة. وهذا الجزء منطقة للترويح يؤمها السياح من جميع أنحاء العالم.

French Riviera
Côte d'Azur  (فرنسية)
Còsta d'Azur  (أوكسيتان)
Riviera
Èze und Cap Ferrat-Grande Corniche.jpg
Promenade des Anglais - panoramio (4).jpg
83990 Saint-Tropez, France - panoramio (3).jpg
Monaco Casino - panoramio.jpg
From top down, left to right: a view of Èze with Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat in the background, city centre of Nice, old town of Saint-Tropez, Monte Carlo Casino in the Principality of Monaco
Côte d’Azur overview map.png
Country فرنسا and موناكو
الموقع الإلكترونيcotedazurfrance.fr
الشعار

There is no official boundary, but it is usually considered to extend from Toulon, Le Lavandou or Saint-Tropez in the west to Menton at the France–Italy border in the east.[1][2] The coast is entirely within the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France. The Principality of Monaco is a semi-enclave within the region, surrounded on three sides by France and fronting the Mediterranean. The French Riviera contains the seaside resorts of Cap-d'Ail, Beaulieu-sur-Mer, Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, Villefranche-sur-Mer, Antibes, Juan-les-Pins, Cannes, Saint-Raphaël, Fréjus, Sainte-Maxime and Saint-Tropez.[3]

Riviera is an Italian word that originates from the ancient Ligurian territory of Italy, wedged between the Var and Magra rivers. The Côte d'Azur (coast of azure) is a nickname given by France to the County of Nice after its annexation in 1860, because the climate was similar to that of the north of Italy, even in winter, with a sky as blue as its sea. When the Mistral (northwest) and the Tramontane (north) winds are blowing in the Languedoc and Provence areas, the temperature of the Mediterranean can be very cool in summer. This phenomenon is observed very little or not at all on the coast between the French Riviera and the Italian Riviera.[4]

After the 2000s, the French Riviera was extended to the rest of Southern France, although the geography, culture, and climate are different.

This coastline was one of the first modern resort areas. It began as a winter health resort for the British upper class at the end of the 18th century. With the arrival of the railway in the mid-19th century, it became the playground and vacation spot of British, Russian, and other aristocrats, such as Queen Victoria, Tsar Alexander II and King Edward VII, when he was Prince of Wales. In the summer, it also played home to many members of the Rothschild family. In the first half of the 20th century, it was frequented by artists and writers, including Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Francis Bacon,[5] Edith Wharton, Somerset Maugham and Aldous Huxley, as well as wealthy Americans and Europeans. After World War II, it became a popular tourist destination and convention site. Many celebrities, such as Elton John and Brigitte Bardot, have homes in the region.

Officially, the French Riviera is home to 163 nationalities with 83,962 foreign residents,[6] although estimates of the number of non-French nationals living in the area are often much higher.[7] Its largest city is Nice, which has a population of 340,017 as of 2017.[8] The city is the centre of a métropole—Nice-Côte d'Azur—bringing together 49 communes and more than 540,000 inhabitants and 943,000 in the urban area. Nice is home to Nice Côte d'Azur Airport, France's third-busiest airport (after Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport), which is on an area of partially reclaimed coastal land at the western end of the Promenade des Anglais. A second airport at Mandelieu was once the region's commercial airport,[9] but is now mainly used by private and business aircraft.[10]

The A8 autoroute runs through the region, as does the old main road generally known as the Route nationale 7 (officially now DN7 in Var and D6007 in Alpes-Maritimes).[11] High-speed trains serve the coastal region and inland to Grasse, with the TGV Sud-Est service reaching Nice-Ville station in five and a half hours from Paris. The French Riviera has a total population of more than two million. It is home to a high tech and science park (French: technopole) at Sophia-Antipolis (north of Antibes) and a research and technology centre at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis. The region has 35,000 students, of whom 25 percent are working toward a doctorate.[12] The French Riviera is a major yachting and cruising area with several marinas along its coast. According to the Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency, each year the Riviera hosts 50 percent of the world's superyacht fleet, with 90 percent of all superyachts visiting the region's coast at least once in their lifetime.[13] As a tourist centre, the French Riviera benefits from 310 to 330 days of sunshine per year, 115 kilometres (71 miles) of coastline and beaches, 18 golf courses, 14 ski resorts and 3,000 restaurants.[14]

وتشمل المدن الرئيسية في هذه المنطقة أنتيب، وكان، ونيس في فرنسا، ومونت كارلو في موناكو.

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التسمية

أصول الاسم

 
View of Port Hercules, Monaco

The term French Riviera comes by analogy with the term Italian Riviera, which extends east of the French Riviera (from Ventimiglia to La Spezia).[15] As early as the 19th century, the British referred to the region as the Riviera or the French Riviera, usually referring to the eastern part of the coast, between Monaco and the Italian border.[16] Originally, riviera is an Italian noun which means "coastline".[17]

The name Côte d'Azur was given to the coast by the writer Stéphen Liégeard in his book, La Côte d’azur, published in December 1887.[18] Liégeard was born in Dijon, in the French department of Côte-d'Or, and adapted that name by substituting the azure colour of the Mediterranean for the gold of Côte-d'Or.[19]

In Occitan (Niçard and Provençal) and French, the only usual names are Còsta d'Azur in Occitan and Côte d'Azur in French.[20] A term like "French Riviera" (Ribiera Francesa in Occitan, Riviera Française in French) would only be used in literal translation, or adaptations of it. For instance, in French, "Riviera Française" is found in the online Larousse encyclopedia[21] to refer to the holidays of a group of English workers (moreover, in Occitan, the word ribiera "coastline" mostly works as a common name, whereas in French, the old-fashioned term Rivière de Gênes was used to refer to the Italian Riviera whose center is Genoa).[22]

Disputes over the extent of the Riviera and the Côte d'Azur

 
The Old Town district of Menton, which is the last town on the Côte d'Azur before the Italian border

Côte d'Azur and the French Riviera have no official boundaries. Some sources put the western boundary at Saint-Tropez. Others include Saint Tropez, Hyères or Toulon in the Var (departement), or as far as Cassis in the Bouches-du-Rhône departement.[1][2] In her 1955 novel, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Patricia Highsmith describes the Riviera as including all of the coast between Toulon and the Italian border.

التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ پروڤانس

من قبل التاريخ إلى العصر البرونزي

The region of the French Riviera has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Primitive tools dating to between 1,000,000 and 1,050,000 years ago were discovered in the Grotte du Vallonnet, near Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, with stones and bones of animals, including bovines, rhinoceros, and bison. At Terra Amata (380,000 to 230,000 years ago), near the Nice Port, a fireplace was discovered that is one of the oldest found in Europe.[23]

Stone dolmens, monuments from the Bronze Age, can be found near Draguignan, while the Valley of Marvels (Vallée des Merveilles) near Mount Bégo, at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) elevation, is presumed to have been an outdoor religious sanctuary, having over 40,000 drawings of people and animals, dated to about 2000 BC.[24]

النفوذ اليوناني

Beginning in the 7th century BC, Greek sailors from Phocaea in Asia Minor began to visit and then build emporia along the Côte d'Azur. Emporia were started at Olbia (Hyères); Antipolis (Antibes) and Nikaia (Nice). These settlements, which traded with the inhabitants of the interior, became rivals of the Etruscans and Phoenicians, who also visited the Côte d'Azur.

الاستعمار الروماني

In 8 BC the Emperor Augustus built an imposing trophy monument at La Turbie (the Trophy of the Alps or Trophy of Augustus) to mark the pacification of the region.

Roman towns, monuments and amphitheatres were built along the Côte d'Azur and many still survive, such as the amphitheatre and baths at Cimiez, above Nice, and the amphitheatre, Roman walls and other remains at Fréjus.

 
The 5th-century baptistery of Fréjus Cathedral, which is still in use

البرابرة والمسيحيون

Roman Provence reached the height of its power and prosperity during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. In the mid-3rd century, Germanic peoples began to invade the region, and Roman power weakened.

In the same period, Christianity started to become a powerful force in the region. The first cathedrals were built in the 4th century, and bishoprics were established: in Fréjus at the end of the 4th century, Cimiez and Vence in 439, and Antibes in 442. The oldest Christian structure still in existence on the Côte d'Azur is the baptistery of Fréjus Cathedral, built at the end of the 5th century, which also saw the founding of the first monastery in the region, Lerins Monastery on an island off the coast at Cannes.

The fall of the Western Roman Empire in the first half of the 5th century was followed by invasions of Provence by the Visigoths, the Burgundians and the Ostrogoths. There was then a long period of wars and dynastic quarrels, which in turn led to further invasions by the Saracens and the Normans in the 9th century.

كونتات پروڤانس وبيت گريمالدي

 
The ruins of the Grimaldi castle at Grimaud, near Saint-Tropez.

جاذبيته لدى الطبقة العليا البريطانية في القرنين 18 و 19

 
Seafront at Nice, capital of the Alpes-Maritimes département.


 
Queen Victoria in 1887.


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فترة ما بعد الحرب وأواخر القرن العشرين

 
The Palais des Festivals et des Congrès, home of the Cannes Film Festival.



الجغرافيا

 
The 46 coastal municipalities
 
Cap Ferrat; Plage la Paloma, a beach on the Côte d'Azur
 
Boulevard de la Croisette along the waterfront in Cannes
 
Saint-Jeannet, Alpes-Maritimes
 
ميناء Porquerolles, an island in Var
 
Saint-Raphaël
 
Saint-Tropez

بلديات ساحلية

The 46 coastal municipalities from west to east
Municipality Inhabitants
(1 January 2018)		 Département
Cassis 7,027 Bouches-du-Rhône
La Ciotat 35,281 Bouches-du-Rhône
Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer 11,580 Var
Bandol 8,404 Var
Sanary-sur-Mer 16,696 Var
Six-Fours-les-Plages 33,665 Var
Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer 5,979 Var
La Seyne-sur-Mer 62,888 Var
Ollioules 13,771 Var
Toulon 176,198 Var
La Garde 25,380 Var
Le Pradet 10,265 Var
Carqueiranne 9,555 Var
Hyères 55,069 Var
La Londe-les-Maures 10,389 Var
Bormes-les-Mimosas 8,223 Var
Le Lavandou 5,981 Var
Rayol-Canadel-sur-Mer 689 Var
Cavalaire-sur-Mer 7,499 Var
La Croix-Valmer 3,778 Var
Ramatuelle 2,079 Var
Saint-Tropez 4,103 Var
Gassin 2,586 Var
Cogolin 11,556 Var
Grimaud 4,553 Var
Fréjus 53,786 Var
Sainte-Maxime 14,240 Var
Roquebrune-sur-Argens 14,626 Var
Saint-Raphaël 35,633 Var
Théoule-sur-Mer 1,350 Alpes-Maritimes
Mandelieu-la-Napoule 21,836 Alpes-Maritimes
Cannes 73,965 Alpes-Maritimes
Vallauris 27,072 Alpes-Maritimes
Antibes 72,915 Alpes-Maritimes
Villeneuve-Loubet 15,780 Alpes-Maritimes
Cagnes-sur-Mer 51,411 Alpes-Maritimes
Saint-Laurent-du-Var 28,511 Alpes-Maritimes
Nice 341,032 Alpes-Maritimes
Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat 1,533 Alpes-Maritimes
Beaulieu-sur-Mer 3,731 Alpes-Maritimes
Villefranche-sur-Mer 5,064 Alpes-Maritimes
Èze 2,225 Alpes-Maritimes
Cap-d’Ail 4,529 Alpes-Maritimes
Monaco 38,100 —
Roquebrune-Cap-Martin 12,824 Alpes-Maritimes
Menton 30,231 Alpes-Maritimes
Total (46) 1,383,588 —

أماكن

Places on the Côte d'Azur (following the broadest definition), following the coast from south-west to north-east, include:

السياحة

Some data related to tourism on the Riviera in 2006:

  • More than 14 million tourists
  • 52% of customers from abroad
  • 65 million nights stayed
  • Tourists spending €5 billion
  • 75,000 jobs; tourism is 18% of total employment in the Alpes-Maritimes.
  • 500,000 tourists in the High Country
  • 500,000 delegates
  • 3 million admissions to museums and monuments
  • More than 45% of tourists come by air

المناخ

بيانات مناخ Nice (1981–2010 averages)
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 22.5
(72.5) 		25.8
(78.4) 		26.1
(79) 		26.0
(78.8) 		30.3
(86.5) 		36.8
(98.2) 		36.3
(97.3) 		37.7
(99.9) 		33.9
(93) 		29.9
(85.8) 		25.4
(77.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		37٫7
(99٫9)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 13.1
(55.6) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17
(63) 		20.7
(69.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.7
(81.9) 		24.6
(76.3) 		21.0
(69.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		19٫56
(67٫21)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 5.3
(41.5) 		5.9
(42.6) 		7.9
(46.2) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		17.5
(63.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.7
(56.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		6.3
(43.3) 		12٫35
(54٫23)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -7.2
(19) 		-5.8
(21.6) 		-5.0
(23) 		2.9
(37.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.7
(53.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		7.6
(45.7) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.1
(32.2) 		-2.7
(27.1) 		−7٫2
(19)
هطول mm (inches) 69.0
(2.717) 		44.7
(1.76) 		38.7
(1.524) 		69.3
(2.728) 		44.6
(1.756) 		34.3
(1.35) 		12.1
(0.476) 		17.8
(0.701) 		73.1
(2.878) 		132.8
(5.228) 		103.9
(4.091) 		92.7
(3.65) 		733
(28٫858)
Avg. precipitation days 6 5 5 7 5 4 2 2 5 7 7 6 61
Sunshine hours 158 171 217 224 267 306 348 316 242 187 149 139 2٬724
Source: [25]
 
Nice seen from Spot Satellite


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أحداث ومهرجانات

Several major events take place:

رسامون

 
Paul Signac, The Port of Saint-Tropez, oil on canvas, 1901.

The climate and vivid colours of the Mediterranean attracted many famous artists during the 19th and 20th centuries. They included:

انظر أيضا

ببليوگرافيا

التاريخ

  • Aldo Bastié, Histoire de la Provence, Éditions Ouest-France, 2001.
  • Mary Blume, Côte d'Azur: Inventing the French Riviera, Thames and Hudson, London, 1992.
  • Patrick Howarth, When the Riviera was Ours, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1977.
  • Jim Ring, Riviera, the Rise and Fall of the Côte d'Azur, John Murray Publishers, London, 1988.

رسامون

  • La Méditerranée de Courbet à Matisse, catalog of the exhibit at the Grand Palais, Paris from September 2000 to January 2001. Published by the Réunion des musées nationaux, 2000.

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب "Côte d'Azur, côte méditerranéenne française entre Cassis et Menton" ("Côte d'Azur, French Mediterranean coast between Cassis and Toulon") in Dictionnaire Hachette encyclopédique (2000), p. 448.
  2. ^ أ ب "Côte d'Azur, Partie orientale du littoral français, sur la Méditerranée, de Cassis à Menton" ("Côte d'Azur, Eastern part of the French coast, on the Mediterranean, from Cassis to Menton"), in Le Petit Larousse illustré (2005), p. 1297.
  3. ^ Jim Ring, Riviera, The Rise and Rise of the Cote d'Azur, John Murray Publishers, London, 2004.
  4. ^ "Climat : Tropicalisation des nuits azuréennes". www.meteofrance.fr.
  5. ^ Wrathall, Claire (6 يوليو 2016). "Francis Bacon's Monaco magic is highlighted in a new exhibition". The Telegraph (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 يناير 2022. Retrieved 18 ديسمبر 2018.
  6. ^ INSEE 1999 census
  7. ^ e.g. Comité Régional du Tourisme Riviera Côte d'Azur.
  8. ^ Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017, INSEE
  9. ^ Official site: Cannes.aeroport.fr Archived 28 أبريل 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Official site: Cannes.aeroport.fr Archived 18 مايو 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ National 7 website: Nationale7.com
  12. ^ Sirius CCINCA.
  13. ^ Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency – p.31 CRDP-Nice.net Archived 4 يوليو 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency, op.cit. p.66
  15. ^ In English, "Riviera" as a whole is defined as "the coastal strip along the Mediterranean from La Spezia, Italy, to west of Cannes, France". Webster's New World Dictionary of American English, Third College Edition, 1988.
  16. ^ For example, J. Henry Bennett, Mentone, the Riviera, Corsica and Biarritz as Winter Climates (1862)
  17. ^ "Vocabolario: Riviera". Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Istituzionali della Treccani.
  18. ^ msaldo; admin; yvasovic; yvasovic (23 أبريل 2018). "Cannes Avance - Mini Une fixe - Accueil". www.cannes.com.
  19. ^ Marc Boyer, L'Invention de la Côte d'Azur : l'hiver dans le Midi, préface de Maurice Agulhon, 378 pages, Édition de l'Aube, 2002, ISBN 2-87678-643-5.
  20. ^ Larousse, Éditions. "Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne - Côte d'Azur". www.larousse.fr.
  21. ^ Larousse, Éditions. "Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne - Vacances d'été Summer Holiday". www.larousse.fr.
  22. ^ Harrap's Standard French and English Dictionary, 1948.
  23. ^ Henry de Lumley, La Grande Histoire des premiers hommes europeens, p. 120.
  24. ^ Aldo Bastié, Histoire de la Provence, Edition Ouest-France, 2001.
  25. ^ "1981–2010 Data". يوليو 2012.

وصلات خارجية

 
مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع French Riviera.

Coordinates: 43°21′54″N 6°50′59″E / 43.36500°N 6.84972°E / 43.36500; 6.84972

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