أوسكار لوپيز ريڤيرا
- هذا اسم إسباني; لا يتضمن اسم العائلة.
أوسكار لوپيز ريڤيرا Oscar López Rivera (ولد في 6 يناير 1943) هو ناشط پوِرتوريكي في سبيل استقلال پوِرتوريكو،[1] وكان أحد زعماء القوات المسلحة للتحرير الوطني لپوِرتوريكو FALN. وفي 1977، اعتـُقِل لوپيز ريڤيرا وحوكم من قِبل حكومة الولايات المتحدة for seditious conspiracy, use of force to commit robbery, interstate transportation of firearms, and conspiracy to transport explosives with intent to destroy government property. لوپيز ريڤيرا maintained that according to international law he was an anticolonial combatant and could not be prosecuted by the United States government. On August 11, 1981, لوپيز ريڤيرا was convicted and sentenced to 55 years in federal prison. وفي 31 ديسمبر 1988 he was sentenced to an additional 15 years in prison for conspiring to escape from the Leavenworth federal prison.
أوسكار لوپيز ريڤيرا | |
|---|---|
Oscar López Rivera | |
 | |
| وُلِدَ | Oscar López Rivera 6 يناير 1943 |
| اللقب | Longest-incarcerated FALN member |
| تهم جنائية | Seditious conspiracy, use of force to commit robbery, interstate transportation of firearms and ammunition to aid in the commission of a felony |
| عقوبة جنائية | Prison for 55 years; extended 15 years for later conspiracy to escape |
| الوضع الجنائي | Sentence commuted by President Obama, sentence ends in May 2017. |
| الجوائز | وسام النجم البرونزي |
حبس سان سباستيان، پوِرتوريكو was opposed or supported by individuals and groups representing political, religious, and other constituencies. Some called him a terrorist, but others said he was a سجين سياسي. Several U.S. Congressmen supported López Rivera's release from prison.
الرئيس الأمريكي بيل كلنتون عرض على لوپيز ريڤيرا و 13 عضواً في "فالن" مدانين عفواً مشروطاً في 1999، إلا أن لوپيز ريڤيرا رفضه. وفي 17 يناير 2017، خفف الرئيس باراك أوباما عقوبة لوپيز ريڤيرا وكان من المزمع اطلاق سراحه في 17 مايو 2017، بعد نحو 35 عاماً في السجن. He had been incarcerated longer than any other member of the FALN.[2] وفي 9 فبراير 2017، نـُقِل من سجن في ولاية إنديانا إلى he was moved from an Indiana prison to Puerto Rico, where he will complete the last three months of his sentence under حبس منزلي.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
النشأة
وُلِد أوسكار لوپيز ريڤيرا في سان سباستيان، پوِرتوريكو، في 6 يناير 1943.[3] His family moved to the mainland United States when he was nine years old. At the age of 14, he moved to Chicago to live with a sister. At age 18 he was drafted into the army and served in the Vietnam War and awarded the Bronze Star. When he returned to Illinois in 1967, he became a community activist, advocating for housing for the Puerto Rican community, bilingual education and Latino recruitment in the university system. In the late 1970s he began to advocate for Puerto Rican independence.[4] López Rivera was one of the founders of La Escuelita Puertorriqueña, now known as the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School and the Juan Antonio Corretjer Puerto Rican Cultural Center.[5] He was a community organizer for the Northwest Community Organization (NCO), ASSPA, ASPIRA and the 1st Congregational Church of Chicago. He helped to found FREE, a half-way house for convicted drug addicts, and ALAS, an educational program for Latino prisoners at Stateville Prison in Illinois.[6]
كتابات
- Oscar López Rivera, Entre la Tortura y la Resistencia, edited by Luis Nieves Falcón, 2011, a collection of letters
ملاحظات
الهامش
- ^ Broder, John M. (September 8, 1999). "12 Imprisoned Puerto Ricans Accept Clemency Conditions". New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2008.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةChicago 2011 - ^ Méndez-Méndez, Serafín; Fernandez, Ronald. Puerto Rico Past and Present: An Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition: An Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). 269: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440828324.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Finley, Laura L. Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia of Trends and Controversies in the Justice System [2 volumes] (in الإنجليزية). ABC-CLIO. p. 313. ISBN 9781610699280.
- ^ Oppenheim, Maya (18 January 2017). "While everyone was talking about Chelsea Manning, Obama released another very important prisoner". The Independent.
- ^ Rosales, Francisco (2006). Dictionary of Latino Civil Rights History. Arte Publico Press. p. 159. ISBN 1-55885-347-2.
وصلات خارجية
- Book Review: Puerto Rican Independentista Oscar López Rivera’s 32 Years of Resistance to Torture. Written by Hans Bennett.
- "Figuras públicas continúan encarcelándose por Oscar López Rivera" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Dia. May 29, 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) – Contains the partial, list of prominent figures who were "jailed" for López Rivera. - United States Justice Department, 2011 parole hearing report for Oscar López Rivera