المعرفة

أباتشي (قبيلة)

أباتشي أو أباش (Apache) (play /əˈpætʃiː/; بالفرنسية: [a.paʃ]) هي مجموعة من قبائل الهنود الحمر السكان الأصليين لامريكا الشمالية. لغتهم لغة أثاباسكان الجنوبية، والتعريف الحديث لهم يستثني شعب نافويا المتقارب. هاجموا حضارتي المايا والتولتك.وقاوموا الأسبان في مطلع القرن 16 عندما غزوا المكسيك. وكلمة(أباش) بالأسبانية معناها سفلة. وكان الأباش يمارسون صيد الجاموس الوحشي والخيول عن طر يق تقفي الأثر والتربص والانقضاض. وكانوا برقصون رقصة الحرب مع دق الطبول ودهان أجسامهم باللون الأحمر. وكانوا يسيرون للحرب علي صوت النفر المصنوع من قرن الجاموس.

أباتشي
Apache portraits.jpg
Apache portraits
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
أريزونا، نيو مكسيكو و أوكلاهوما
اللغات
Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan Apache, Plains Apache, Mescalero, الأباتشي الغربية
الدين
الكنيسة الأمريكية الأصلية، المسيحية، الشامانية دين القبلية
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
Navajo, Dene
أباتشي

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مجموعات أباتشي المعاصرة

 
Apachean tribes ca. 18th century: WA – Western Apache, N – Navajo, Ch – Chiricahua, M – Mescalero, J – Jicarilla, L – Lipan, Pl – Plains Apache

قالب:Imagequote2

 
Young Jicarilla Apache boy, نيو مكسيكو, 2009
 
Present-day primary locations of Apachean peoples


الإسم والمرادفات

صعوبات في تسمية

 
Essa-queta, Plains Apache chief

قائمة أسماء

التاريخ

الدخول الى الجنوب الغربي

 
The Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542

الصراع مع المكسيك والولايات المتحدة

للمزيد من المعلومات: Apache Wars and Apache-Mexico Wars
 
Geronimo

الترحيل القسري

الهزيمة

Pre-reservation culture

المنظمات الإجتماعية

خطأ في إنشاء صورة مصغرة: الملف مفقود
Apache bride

Kinship systems

Chiricahua
 
Hide painting depicting Apache girl's puberty ceremony, by Naiche (Chiricahua Apache), ca. 1900, Oklahoma History Center
Jicarilla

الإسكان

 
Frame of Apache wickiup
 
Chiricahua medicine man in wickiup with family


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الغذاء

 
Various Apache containers: baskets, bowls and jars. The women-made baskets could hold heavy loads and were made mainly from yucca or willow leaves or juniper bark.[2]

الصيد

 
Apache jug

الملابس

استحداث نباتات جديدة ومصادر غذائية أخرى

 
Apache girl with basket, 1902

زراعة المحاصيل

التجارة، الإغارة، والحرب

الدين

اللغات

للمزيد من المعلومات: Southern Athabascan languages
Proto-
Athabascan 		Navajo Western
Apache 		Chiricahua Mescalero Jicarilla Lipan Plains
Apache
*k̯uʔs "handle fabric-like object" -tsooz -tsooz -tsuuz -tsuudz -tsoos -tsoos -tsoos
*ce· "stone" tsé tséé tsé tsé tsé tsí tséé
Western Eastern
Navajo Western
Apache 		Chiricahua Mescalero Jicarilla Lipan Plains
Apache
"water" tó tū tú tú kó kó kóó
"fire" kǫʼ kǫʼ kųų kų ko̱ʼ kǫǫʼ kǫʼ
Proto-
Athabascan 		Navajo Chiricahua Mescalero Jicarilla Plains
Apache
*k̯aʔx̣ʷ "big" -tsaa -tsaa -tsaa -tsaa -cha
Low-Marked High-Marked
Proto-
Athabascan 		Navajo Chiricahua Slavey Chilcotin
*taʔ "father" -taaʼ -taa -táʼ -tá
*tu· "water" tó tú tù tù

مشاهير أباتشي

 
Kathy Kitcheyan, Chairwoman of the San Carlos Apache

انظر أيضاً

 
Apache rawhide playing cards, ca. 1875–1885, collection of NMAI


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الهوامش

  1. ^ Census.gov Census 2000 PHC-T-18. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States: 2000. US Census Bureau 2000 (retrieved December 28, 2009)
  2. ^ Carolyn Casey. The Apache, Marshall Cavendish, 2006, p. 18

قائمة المراجع

  • Soledad, Nell David S (2009). "Eastern Apache Wizardcraft", Mythical papers of the University of Cebu (No.14). Philippines: University Of Cebu Press,
  • Basso, Keith H. (1969). "Western Apache witchcraft", Anthroplogical papers of the University of Arizona (No. 15). Tucson: University of Arizona Press,
  • Brugge, David M. (1968). Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694–1875. Window Rock, Arizona: Research Section, The Navajo Tribe. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Brugge, David M. (1983). "Navajo prehistory and history to 1850", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 489–501). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Cordell, Linda S. Ancient Pueblo Peoples. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution, 1994. ISBN 0-89599-038-5.
  • Etulain, Richard W. New Mexican Lives: A Biographical History, University of New Mexico Center for the American West, University of New Mexico Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8263-2433-9
  • Foster, Morris W; & McCollough, Martha. (2001). "Plains Apache", in R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, pp. 926–939). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Gatewood, Charles B. (Edited by Louis Kraft). Lt. Charles Gatewood & His Apache Wars Memoir. University of Nebraska Press 2005. ISBN 978-0-8032-2772-9.
  • Goodwin, Greenville (1969) [1941]. The Social Organization of the Western Apache. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. LCCN 76-75453.
  • Gunnerson, James H. (1979). "Southern Athapaskan archeology", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 9, pp. 162–169). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Haley, James L. Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait. University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8061-2978-6.
  • Hammond, George P., & Rey, Agapito (Eds.). (1940). Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Henderson, Richard. (1994). "Replicating dog 'travois' travel on the northern plains", Plains Anthropologist, 39, 145–59.
  • Hodge, F. W. (Ed.). (1907). Handbook of American Indians. Washington.
  • Hoijer, Harry. (1938). "The southern Athapaskan languages", American Anthropologist, 40 (1), 75–87.
  • Hoijer, Harry. (1971). "The position of the Apachean languages in the Athapaskan stock", in K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.), Apachean culture history and ethnology (pp. 3–6). Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona (No. 21). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Huld, Martin E. (1983). "Athapaskan bears", International Journal of American Linguistics, 49 (2), 186–195.
  • Krauss, Michael E. (1973). "Na-Dene", in T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (pp. 903–978). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted 1976).
  • Landar, Herbert J. (1960). "The loss of Athapaskan words for fish in the Southwest", International Journal of American Linguistics, 26 (1), 75–77.
  • Miles, General Nelson Appleton. (1897). Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles embracing a brief view of the Civil War, or, From New England to the Golden Gate : and the story of his Indian campaigns, with comments on the exploration, development and progress of our great western empire. Chicago: The Werner Company.
  • Newman, Stanley. (1958). Zuni dictionary. Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Newman, Stanley. (1965). Zuni grammar. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1936a). "A summary of Jicarilla Apache culture", American Anthropologist, 38 (2), 202–223.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1936b). "The kinship systems of the Southern Athapaskan-speaking tribes", American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620–633.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1941). An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1975). "Problems in Apachean cultural history, with special reference to the Lipan Apache", Anthropological Quarterly, 48 (3), 182–192.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1983a). "The Apachean culture pattern and its origins", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 368–392). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1983b). "Chiricahua Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 401–418). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1983c). "Mescalero Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 419–439). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Opler, Morris E. (2001). "Lipan Apache", in R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, pp. 941–952). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Plog, Stephen. (1997). Ancient peoples of the American Southwest. London: Thames and London, LTD. ISBN 0-500-27939-X.
  • Reuse, Willem J., de. (1983). "The Apachean culture pattern and its origins: Synonymy", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 385–392). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Schroeder, Albert H. (1963). "Navajo and Apache relationships west of the Rio Grande", El Palacio, 70 (3), 5–23.
  • Schroeder, Albert H. (1974a). "A study of the Apache Indian: Parts 1–3", in American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.
  • Schroeder, Albert H. (1974b). "A study of the Apache Indian: Parts 4–5", American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.
  • Schroeder, Albert H. (1974c). "The Jicarilla Apache", American Indian ethnology: Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland.
  • Seymour, Deni J. (2004) "A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site", Plains Anthropologist 49(190):153–192.
  • Seymour, Deni J. (2009a) "Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People", Antiquity 83(319):157–164.
  • Seymour, Deni J.(2009b) "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola", New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399–435.
  • Seymour, Deni J. (2010a) "Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events", American Antiquity 75(1):158–176.
  • Seymour, Deni J. (2010b) "Cycles of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of Ancestral Apache Housing", Plains Anthropologist (Spring or Summer issue)
  • Sweeney, Edwin R. (1998). Mangas Coloradas: Chief of the Chiricahua Apaches. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3063-6
  • Terrell, John Upton. (1972). Apache chronicle. World Publishing. ISBN 0-529-04520-6.
  • Tiller, Veronica E. (1983). "Jicarilla Apache", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 440–461). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Witherspoon, Gary. (1983). "Navajo social organization", in A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 524–535). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Worcester, Donald E. (1992). The Apaches: Eagles of the Southwest', University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1495-9

وصلات خارجية

 
 اقرأ نصاً ذا علاقة في

Myths and Tales from the San Carlos Apache


المواقع القبلية

أخرى

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