أوبسيلون (حرف يوناني)

الأبجدية اليونانية
التاريخ
	المتغيرات المحلية القديمة ; ; ; ; ; ;
	الحروف المركبة (ϛ, ȣ, ϗ); التشكيل;
	الترقيم (6) (90) (900)
في لغات أخرى
	الباخترية; القبطية; الألبانية;
الرموز العلمية
	كتب; تصنيف; الصور; view; talk; edit;

اوپسيلون ( Upsilon ؛ US: /ˈʌpsɪlɒn, ˈ(j)uːp-, -lən/, UK: /(j)uːpˈsaɪlən, ˈʊpsɪlɒn/ ( استمع);^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; Greek: ύψιλον ýpsilon [ˈipsilon]) or ypsilon /ɪp-/^[1] هو الحرف العشرون من الأبجدية الإغريقية. وفي نظام الأرقام اليونانية له قيمة 400. وهو مشتق من الحرف الفينيقي واو. ويأخذ الحرف شكلين: الكبير (Υ) والصغير (υ).

وفى حقل الفلك يشير هذا الحرف الى النجم العشرين من حيث السطوع في كوكبة من كوكبات السماء ومثاله: (اوپسيلون العقرب وهو اللسعة).

أصل الاسم

The name of the letter was originally just υ (y, also called ὑ hy, hence hyoid, meaning 'shaped like the letter υ'), but the name changed to υ ψιλόν (=υ psilon, 'u-plain' or 'u-simple') to distinguish it from οι, which had come to have the same [y] pronunciation.^[7]

النطق

In early Attic Greek (6th century BCE), it was pronounced [u] (a close back rounded vowel like the English "long o͞o").^[8]^[9] In Classical Greek, it was pronounced [y] (a close front rounded vowel), at least until 1030.^[10] In Modern Greek, it is pronounced [i]; in the digraphs ⟨αυ⟩ and ⟨ευ⟩, as /f/ or /v/; and in the digraph ⟨ου⟩ as /u/. In ancient Greek, it occurred in both long and short versions, but Modern Greek does not have a length distinction.

As an initial letter in Classical Greek, it always carried the rough breathing (equivalent to h) as reflected in the many Greek-derived English words, such as those that begin with hyper- and hypo-. This rough breathing was derived from an older pronunciation that used a sibilant instead; this sibilant was not lost in Latin, giving rise to such cognates as super- (for hyper-) and sub- (for hypo-).

Upsilon participated as the second element in falling diphthongs, which have subsequently developed in various ways.

التناظر مع حرف Y اللاتيني

The use of Y in Latin dates back to the first century BC. It was used to transcribe loanwords from Greek, so it was not a native sound of Latin and was usually pronounced /u/ or /i/. The latter pronunciation was the most common in the Classical period and was used mostly by uneducated people. The Roman Emperor Claudius proposed introducing a new letter into the Latin alphabet to transcribe the so-called sonus medius (a short vowel before labial consonants), but in inscriptions, the new letter was sometimes used for Greek upsilon instead.

Four letters of the Latin alphabet arose from it: V, Y and, much later, U and W. In the Cyrillic script, the letters U (У, у) and izhitsa (Ѵ, ѵ) arose from it.

In some languages, including German and Portuguese, the name upsilon (Ypsilon in German, ípsilon in Portuguese) is used to refer to the Latin letter Y as well as the Greek letter. In some other languages, the (Latin) Y is referred to as a "Greek I" (i griega in Spanish, i grec in French), also noting its Greek origin.

الاستخدام

In particle physics the capital Greek letter ϒ denotes an Upsilon particle. Note that the symbol should always look like $Υ$ in order to avoid confusion with a Latin Y denoting the hypercharge. This may be done either with a font such as FreeSerif or with the dedicated Unicode character U+03D2 ϒ.
Automobile manufacturer Lancia has a model called the Ypsilon.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the symbol ⟨ʋ⟩ is used to represent a labiodental approximant.
In astrophysics and physical cosmology, ϒ refers to the mass-to-light ratio.^[11]
In statistics, it is sometimes used instead of v or nu to indicate degrees of freedom.^[12]
In the Persian language, “one upsilon” is used to describe a positive amount close to 0 (zero).^{[citation needed]}

مظهر مماثل

A similar symbol U+2648 ♈ <reserved-2648> is used for the astrological sign of Aries.

الرمزية

Upsilon is known as Pythagoras' letter, or the Samian letter, because Pythagoras used it as an emblem of the path of virtue or vice.^[13] As the Roman writer Persius wrote in Satire III:

and the letter which spreads out into Pythagorean branches has pointed out to you the steep path which rises on the right.^[14]

Lactantius, an early Christian author (240ح. 240), refers to this:

For they say that the course of human life resembles the letter Y, because every one of men, when he has reached the threshold of early youth, and has arrived at the place "where the way divides itself into two parts," is in doubt, and hesitates, and does not know to which side he should rather turn himself.^[15]

تكويد الحروف

حرفا أوپسيلون و Ua القبطي.^[16]

U+01B1 Ʊ <reserved-01b1>
U+028A ʊ <reserved-028a>
U+038E Ύ <reserved-038e>
U+03A5 Υ <reserved-03a5>
U+03AB Ϋ <reserved-03ab>
U+03B0 ΰ <reserved-03b0>
U+03C5 υ <reserved-03c5>
U+03CB ϋ <reserved-03cb>
U+03CD ύ <reserved-03cd>
U+03D2 ϒ <reserved-03d2>
U+03D3 ϓ <reserved-03d3>
U+03D4 ϔ <reserved-03d4>
U+1D7F ᵿ <reserved-1d7f>
U+1DB7 ᶷ <reserved-1db7>
U+1F50 ὐ <reserved-1f50>
U+1F51 ὑ <reserved-1f51>
U+1F52 ὒ <reserved-1f52>
U+1F53 ὓ <reserved-1f53>
U+1F54 ὔ <reserved-1f54>
U+1F55 ὕ <reserved-1f55>
U+1F56 ὖ <reserved-1f56>
U+1F57 ὗ <reserved-1f57>
U+1F59 Ὑ <reserved-1f59>
U+1F5B Ὓ <reserved-1f5b>
U+1F5D Ὕ <reserved-1f5d>
U+1F5F Ὗ <reserved-1f5f>
U+1F7A ὺ <reserved-1f7a>
U+1F7B ύ <reserved-1f7b>
U+1FE0 ῠ <reserved-1fe0>
U+1FE1 ῡ <reserved-1fe1>
U+1FE2 ῢ <reserved-1fe2>
U+1FE3 ΰ <reserved-1fe3>
U+1FE6 ῦ <reserved-1fe6>
U+1FE7 ῧ <reserved-1fe7>
U+1FE8 Ῠ <reserved-1fe8>
U+1FE9 Ῡ <reserved-1fe9>
U+1FEA Ὺ <reserved-1fea>
U+1FEB Ύ <reserved-1feb>
U+2CA8 Ⲩ <reserved-2ca8>
U+2CA9 ⲩ <reserved-2ca9>
U+1D6BC 𝚼 <reserved-1d6bc>
U+1D6D6 𝛖 <reserved-1d6d6>
U+1D6F6 𝛶 <reserved-1d6f6>
U+1D710 𝜐 <reserved-1d710>
U+1D730 𝜰 <reserved-1d730>
U+1D74A 𝝊 <reserved-1d74a>
U+1D76A 𝝪 <reserved-1d76a>
U+1D784 𝞄 <reserved-1d784>
U+1D7A4 𝞤 <reserved-1d7a4>
U+1D7BE 𝞾 <reserved-1d7be>

انظر أيضا

حرف باير

الهامش

^ ^أ ^ب "upsilon". Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
^ "upsilon". Collins English Dictionary (13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018. ISBN 978-0-008-28437-4.
^ "Upsilon". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
^ "Upsilon". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2019-12-21.
^ قالب:Cite Dictionary.com
^ "upsilon". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ W. Sidney Allen, Vox Graeca, 3rd ed., Cambridge 1987, p. 69.
^ Woodard, Roger D. (June 12, 1997). Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer: A Linguistic Interpretation of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and the Continuity of Ancient Greek Literacy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195355666 – via Google Books.
^ Mastronarde, Donald J. (February 21, 2013). Introduction to Attic Greek. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520275713 – via Google Books.
^ F. Lauritzen, "Michael the Grammarian's irony about Hypsilon. A step towards reconstructing Byzantine pronunciation", Byzantinoslavica, 67 (2009)
^ Mihalas and McRae (1968), Galactic Astronomy (W. H. Freeman)
^ Walpole, Ronald (2017). Probability and Statistics for Scientists and Engineers (9th ed.).
^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. The reader's handbook of famous names in fiction, allusions, references, proverbs, plots, stories, and poems, Vol. 2, p. 956. Lippincott, 1899.
^ Persius (1920). Satires.
^ Lactatius. The Divine Institutes. pp. Book VI Chapter III.
^ Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)

المصادر

مؤمن, عبد الأمير (2006). قاموس دار العلم الفلكي. بيروت، لبنان: دار العلم للملايين. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |طبعة أولى coauthors= (help)

وصلات خارجية

Merrifield, Michael (2009). "Υ – Mass to Light Ratio". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.

[Chambers-1] أ ^ب "upsilon". Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.

[Collins-2] "upsilon". Collins English Dictionary (13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018. ISBN 978-0-008-28437-4.

[3] "Upsilon". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. OCLC 1032680871. Retrieved 2016-01-22.

[4] "Upsilon". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2019-12-21.

[5] قالب:Cite Dictionary.com

[6] "upsilon". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[7] W. Sidney Allen, Vox Graeca, 3rd ed., Cambridge 1987, p. 69.

[8] Woodard, Roger D. (June 12, 1997). Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer: A Linguistic Interpretation of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and the Continuity of Ancient Greek Literacy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195355666 – via Google Books.

[9] Mastronarde, Donald J. (February 21, 2013). Introduction to Attic Greek. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520275713 – via Google Books.

[10] F. Lauritzen, "Michael the Grammarian's irony about Hypsilon. A step towards reconstructing Byzantine pronunciation", Byzantinoslavica, 67 (2009)

[11] Mihalas and McRae (1968), Galactic Astronomy (W. H. Freeman)

[12] Walpole, Ronald (2017). Probability and Statistics for Scientists and Engineers (9th ed.).

[13] Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. The reader's handbook of famous names in fiction, allusions, references, proverbs, plots, stories, and poems, Vol. 2, p. 956. Lippincott, 1899.

[14] Persius (1920). Satires.

[15] Lactatius. The Divine Institutes. pp. Book VI Chapter III.

[16] Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

الأبجدية اليونانية

Αα	ألفا	Νν	نو
Ββ	بيتا	Ξξ	Xi
Γγ	گاما	Οο	اوميكرون
Δδ	دلتا	Ππ	پاي
Εε	Epsilon	Ρρ	رو
Ζζ	زيتا	Σσς	سيگما
Ηη	إيتا	Ττ	تاو
Θθ	ثيتا	Υυ	أوبسيلون
Ιι	إيوتا	Φφ	فاي
Κκ	كاپا	Χχ	Chi
Λλ	لامدا	Ψψ	پساي
Μμ	ميو	Ωω	اوميگا
التاريخ
المتغيرات المحلية القديمة
الحروف المركبة (ϛ, ȣ, ϗ) التشكيل
الترقيم (6) (90) (900)
في لغات أخرى
الباخترية القبطية الألبانية
الرموز العلمية
كتب تصنيف الصور view talk edit