طوس
طوس هي مدينة في محافظة خراسان رضوي بإيران. وتسمى اليوم كذلك بمشهد الرضا.
في طريقه لاخماد تمرد في خراسان في عام 808، مرض الخليفة العباسي هارون الرشيد وتوفي في طوس.[1]
المدينة دمرها عن بكرة أبيها جنكيز خان أثناء الغزو المنغولي لفارس من 1220 - 1259.
التاريخ
According to legend Tous son of Nowzar founded the city of Tous in the province of Khorassan next to today's city of Mashhad. It is said that the city of Tous was the capital of Parthia and the residence of King Vishtaspa, who was the first convert to Zoroastianism.[2] It was captured by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE, and became a key waypoint on the Silk Road.
Tus was taken by the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and remained under Umayyad control until 747, when a subordinate of Abu Muslim Khorasani defeated the Umayyad governor during the Abbasid Revolution.[3] In 809, the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid fell ill and died in Tus, on his way to solve the unrest in Khorasan.[4] His grave is located in the region.[5]
In the 9th and 10th century, the Persian literature flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana under Samanid Empire and other Iranian dynasties. The most famous person who has emerged from that area is the poet Ferdowsi, author of the Persian epic Shahnameh, whose mausoleum, built in 1934 in time for the millennium of his birth, dominates the town. Other notable residents of Tus include the theologian, jurist, philosopher and mystic al-Ghazali; early polymath Jābir ibn Hayyān; the poet Asadi Tusi; the powerful Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk; the medieval polymath Nasir al-Din al-Tusi; the prominent Usooli mujtahid (Twelver-Shi'a law interpreter) Shaykh Tusi; and the noted Sufi mystic and historian Abu Nasr as-Sarraj.[6] The Samanid poet Daqiqi was also a native of Tus.
In 1220, Tus was sacked by the Mongol general, Subutai, and a year later Tolui would kill most of its populace,[7] and destroying the tomb of Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the process.[8] Tus was rebuilt in 1239 under the governorship of Kuerguez.[8] The city was attacked again in 1256 by the Mongols during Hulegu's campaign against the Nizari Ismailis.[9][10]
تسجيل مقبرة الفردوسي في اليونسكو
Ferdowsi Tomb has been nationally registered in the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization and at the suggestion of the Cultural Heritage Organization and Ferdowsi Foundation, efforts have been made to pursue the registration of Ferdowsi Tomb in the UNESCO World Heritage List.[11]
أشهر أبناء طوس
- أشهر سكان المدينة كان الفردوسي، مؤلف ملحمة شاهنامه بالفارسية. وقد بني ضريحه عام 1934 في ألفية ميلاده.
- جابر بن حيان
- أسدي الطوسي
- نظام الملك
- الغزالي
- نصير الدين الطوسي
- أبو جعفر الطوسي، أحد أهم فقهاء الإثنى عشرية.
انظر أيضا
الهامش
- ^ The Court of the Caliphs by Hugh N Kennedy (ISBN 0 297 83000 7)
- ^ Justi: Iranisches Namenbuch, 1963, p. 157.
- ^ V. Minorsky, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. X, ed. P.J. Bearman, T. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs, (Brill, 2000), 741.
- ^ The Court of the Caliphs by Hugh N Kennedy (ISBN 0 297 83000 7)
- ^ Hudud al-Alam translated by V. Minorsky (SBN 7189 -2-1 7)
- ^ Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Sarraj, Abu Nasr al-". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195125580. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ Tus, Gisela Helmecke, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Vol. I, ed. Josef W. Meri, (Routledge, 2006), 838.
- ^ أ ب Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, Vol. 2, ed. E. Bretschneider, (Routledge, 2000), 65.
- ^ Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge University Press. p. 423. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0.
- ^ Willey, Peter (2005). Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (in الإنجليزية). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 75–85. ISBN 978-1-85043-464-1.
- ^ WCHV (2021-07-18). "Campaign for Registering Ferdowsi's Hometown as a World Cultural Heritage Site" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-03-21.