توقماق
Tokmok (قرغيزية: Токмок, Tokmok ('hammer'); روسية: Токмак, Tokmak) is a city in the Chuy Valley, northern Kyrgyzstan, east of the country's capital of Bishkek. Its area is 41 square kilometres (16 sq mi), and its resident population was 53,231 in 2009[2](according to other data, "over 58,000").[3] Its geographical location is 42°50′N 75°17′E / 42.833°N 75.283°E; its altitude is 816 m above sea level. From 2004 until 19 April 2006 it served as the administrative seat of Chuy Region. Just to the north is the Chu River and the border with Kazakhstan.
Tokmok
Токмак | |
|---|---|
 Airplane monument in Tokmok | |
 Flag  Seal | |
  Tokmok Location in Kyrgyzstan | |
| الإحداثيات: 42°50′N 75°17′E / 42.833°N 75.283°ECoordinates: 42°50′N 75°17′E / 42.833°N 75.283°E | |
| Country |  Kyrgyzstan |
| Province | Chuy Region |
| الحكومة | |
| • Mayor | Anvarbek Omorkanov (since May 2012)[1] |
| المساحة | |
| • الإجمالي | 41 كم² (16 ميل²) |
| المنسوب | 816 m (2٬677 ft) |
| التعداد (2009)[2] | |
| • الإجمالي | 53٬231 |
| • الكثافة | 1٬300/km2 (3٬400/sq mi) |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+6 (KGT) |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | http://tokmok.org/ |
Tokmok was established as a northern military outpost of the Khanate of Kokand ca. 1830. Thirty years later, it fell to the Russians who demolished the fort. The modern town was founded on 13 May 1864 by Major-General Mikhail Chernyayev.
Currently, the city of Tokmok is a district-level administrative unit of Chui Province. Although the city is surrounded by the province's Chuy District (whose administrative center is the village of Chuy, adjacent to Tokmok), it is not a part of it.
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تراث العصور الوسطى
Despite its relatively modern origin, Tokmok stands in the middle of the Chuy Valley, which was a prize sought by many medieval conquerors. The ruins of Ak-Beshim, the capital of the Western Turkic Khaganate, are situated 8 km southwest from Tokmok. Yusuf Has Hajib Balasaguni, author of the Kutadgu Bilig is said to have been born in this area.
About 15 km south of Tokmok is the 11th-century Burana Tower, located on the grounds of an ancient citadel of which today only a large earthen mound remains. This is believed to be the site of the ancient city of Balasagun, founded by the Sogdians and later for some time the capital of the Kara-Khanid empire. A large collection of ancient gravestones and bal-bals is nearby. Excavated Scythian artifacts have been moved to museums in St. Petersburg and Bishkek.
الديمغرافيا
According to the Population and Housing Census of 2009, the population of Tokmok was 53,231.
The population of Tokmok is mostly made up of Kyrgyz and ethnic Russians. Other ethnic groups include Dungans and Uzbeks.[4]
| تاريخ تعداد توقماق | ||
|---|---|---|
| السنة | تعداد | ±% |
| 1926 | 15٬269 | — |
| 1935 | 27٬600 | +80.8% |
| 1970 | 42٬122 | +52.6% |
| 1979 | 58٬655 | +39.3% |
| 1989 | 73٬372 | +25.1% |
| 1999 | 59٬299 | −19.2% |
| 2009 | 53٬231 | −10.2% |
| Note: enumerated de facto population; Source:,[2][5][6] | ||
الجغرافيا
المناخ
Tokmok has a hot summer Mediterranean continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa). The average annual temperature is 9.5 °C (49.1 °F). The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F) and the coolest month is January with an average temperature of −5.3 °C (22.5 °F). The average annual precipitation is 434.2mm (17") and has an average of 108.3 days with precipitation. The wettest month is April with an average of 70mm (2.8") of precipitation and the driest month is August with an average of 12.1mm (0.5") of precipitation.[7]
| بيانات مناخ توقماق | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | -5.3 (22.5) |
-4.2 (24.4) |
3.2 (37.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
2.8 (37) |
-2.5 (27.5) |
9٫5 (49٫1) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 25.2 (0.992) |
27.3 (1.075) |
49.6 (1.953) |
70.0 (2.756) |
68.1 (2.681) |
37.3 (1.469) |
20.2 (0.795) |
12.1 (0.476) |
16.3 (0.642) |
39.7 (1.563) |
41.5 (1.634) |
26.9 (1.059) |
434٫2 (17٫094) |
| % Humidity | 74.0 | 75.1 | 68.5 | 55.4 | 53.3 | 46.9 | 44.1 | 43.7 | 46.2 | 56.2 | 67.1 | 75.3 | 58٫8 |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.0 | 9.3 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 10.2 | 7.6 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 108٫3 |
| Source: "The Climate of Tokmok". Weatherbase. Retrieved 5 أغسطس 2014. | |||||||||||||
Industry
The glass manufacturer Interglass LLC is based in Tokmok. The Tokmok plant produces about 2,800 tons of liquid glass per day and 600 tons of glass is produced of the mass per day. Annual production is 200 000 tons. At present, raw materials for glass production are mainly provided by Russia and Kazakhstan.[8]
Notable residents
- Dmitry Bivol, Russian professional boxer
- Alexander Kosenkow, Olympic German sprinter
- Maiya Maneza, Olympic Kazakh weightlifter
- Jengishbek Nazaraliev, drug rehabilitation professional and politician
- Athanasius Schneider, Kazakh Roman Catholic bishop
- Elihan Tore, president of the First Eastern Turkistan Islamic Republic
- Mátyás Rákosi, Hungary's exiled Stalinist dictator
- Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev, perpetrators of the Boston Marathon bombing
- Dennis Wolf, German professional bodybuilder
See also
== المراجع ==
- ^ "The head of Tokmak City Kenesh is elected". Central Election Commission. Retrieved 26 فبراير 2014.
- ^ أ ب ت "2009 population census of the Kyrgyz Republic: Chuy Region" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 أغسطس 2011. Retrieved 10 أغسطس 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Город Токмок (City of Tokmok) (بالروسية)
- ^ "Association of Cities of KR – Tokmok"
- ^ Small Soviet Encyclopedia, 10 (2nd ed.), 1933, http://www.malayaencyklopediya.com
- ^ First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union. Kyrgyz ASSR., VIII, 1928
- ^ "Climate of Tokmok". Weatherbase.com. Retrieved 5 أغسطس 2014.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan to Start a 2nd Flat Glass Production Line in Tokmok". The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 13 نوفمبر 2012.
وصلات خارجية
- City site Tokmok (Russian)
- Forum Tokmok (Russian)
- Bord Tokmok (Russian)
- Photo Tokmok (Russian)
- Dating Tokmok (Russian)