تترابود (منشأ)
A tetrapod is a form of wave-dissipating concrete block used to prevent erosion caused by weather and longshore drift, primarily to enforce coastal structures such as seawalls and breakwaters. Tetrapods are made of concrete, and use a tetrahedral shape to dissipate the force of incoming waves by allowing water to flow around rather than against them, and to reduce displacement by interlocking.[1][2]
الاختراع
Tetrapods were originally developed in 1950 by Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac of Laboratoire Dauphinois d'Hydraulique (now Artelia) in Grenoble, France, who received a patent for the design.[3] The French invention was named tétrapode, derived from Greek tetra- 'four' and -pode 'foot', a reference to the tetrahedral shape. Tetrapods were first used at the thermal power station in Roches Noires in Casablanca, Morocco, to protect the sea water intake.[4][5]
Adoption
Tetrapods have become popular across the world, particularly in Japan. In 2007, it was estimated that up to 12 percent of Japan's 35،000-كيلومتر (22،000 mi) coastline was "semi-natural", defined as having been partially altered by roads or tetrapods. Their proliferation on the island of Okinawa, a popular vacation destination in Japan, has made it difficult for tourists to find unaltered beaches and shoreline, especially in the southern half of the island.[6]
Similar designs
See also
- Artificial reef
- Breakwater (structure)
- Caltrop. It may have a similar shape.
- Coastal management
- Coastal erosion
- Ocean surface wave
- Riprap
- Seawall
References
- ^ "What are Tetrapods? (Tetrapods Resist Wave Impact and Prevent Beach Erosion)". Brighthub Engineering. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
- ^ Park, Sang Kil; et al. (2014). "Effects of vertical wall and tetrapod weights on wave overtopping in rubble mound breakwaters under irregular wave conditions" (PDF). Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac (1963) Improvements in or relating to artificial blocks for building structures exposed to the action of moving water [1] Archived 2021-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Danel, Pierre (1953). "TETRAPODS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings (in الإنجليزية). 1 (4): 28. doi:10.9753/icce.v4.28. ISSN 2156-1028.
- ^ Danel, Pierre (1967). "The Tetrapod". Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ Hesse, Stephen (2007-07-22). "TETRAPODS". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
Further reading
- Lagasse, P.F. (2007). Countermeasures to protect bridge piers from scour. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. ISBN 978-0-309-09909-7.
- Hesse, Stephen. "The Japan Times environment columnist". Don't You Just Love 'Em ... Tetrapods. The Japan Times. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
- Zimmerman, Claus, ed. (2005). Environmentally friendly coastal protection : proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection Structures, Varna, Bulgaria, 25-27 May 2004 (Online-Ausg. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-3299-8.
- Wijers-HasegawaHesse, Yumi. "Tetrapodistas: Beauty beheld in huge concrete forms". The Japan Times.
- Hesse, Stephen. "Loving and Loathing Japan's Concrete Coasts, Where Tetrapods Reign". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.
