سوم (إقليم فرنسي)

Somme
Department
Prefecture building of the Somme department, in Amiens
Coat of arms
Location of Somme in France
Coordinates: 49°53′N 02°25′E
Country	France
Region	Hauts-de-France
Prefecture	Amiens
Subprefectures	Abbeville Montdidier Péronne
Government
• President of the General Council	Laurent Somon
Area [1]
• Total	6٬170 كم² (2٬380 ميل²)
Population  (2017)
• Total	572٬443
• Rank	44th
• Density	93/km2 (240/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Department number	80
Arrondissements	4
Cantons	23
Communes	772
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

سوم (Somme ؛ النطق الفرنسي: [sɔm]  ( استمع)) هو إقليم فرنسي تابع لمنطقة پيكاردي حيث أخذ اسمه من نهر سوم. It is part of the Hauts-de-France region. It is bordered by Pas-de-Calais and Nord to the north, Aisne to the east, Oise to the south and Seine-Maritime to the southwest. To the northwest, its coastline faces the English Channel and it shares maritime borders with Kent and East Sussex in the United Kingdom. It had a population of 565,413 in 2023.

The north central area of the Somme was the site of a series of battles during World War I, including the particularly significant Battle of the Somme in 1916. As a result of this and other battles fought in the area, the department is home to numerous military cemeteries and several major monuments commemorating the many soldiers from various countries who died on its battlefields. The 1346 Battle of Crécy, a major English victory early in the Hundred Years' War, also took place in this department.

 التاريخ

The toponymy of Somme is speculated to come from a Gaulish term, Sumena.

In 2012, residents voted on potential demonyms, picking "Samariens". This was based on the Latin name for the Somme River, Samara, meaning "long tranquil river".

 معارك السوم

في بداية الحرب العالمية الأولى، أثناء السباق إلى البحر في سبتمبر ونوفمبر 1914، أصبح السوم موقع معركة ألبرت. The battle was a five-day engagement between 25 and 29 September, with the French Tenth Army attacking at Albert and pushing toward Bapaume, and the German Sixth Army counter-attacking back towards Albert. The line settled around the town of Thiepval and remained there until July 1916, when the Battle of the Somme was fought on and around the same ground.

The Battle of the Somme was one of the most costly battles of World War I, by the number of troop casualties, as Allied forces attempted to break through the German lines along a 40 كيلومتر (25 mi) front north and south of the River Somme. The Allies had originally intended the Somme to be the site of one of several simultaneous major offensives by Allied powers against the Central Powers in 1916. However, before these offensives could begin, the Germans attacked first, engaging the Allies at the Battle of Verdun. As this battle dragged on, the purpose of the Somme campaign (which was still in the planning stage) shifted from striking a decisive blow against Germany to drawing German forces away from Verdun and relieving the Allied forces there. By its end, however, losses an the Somme exceeded those at Verdun.

While Verdun would bite deep in the national consciousness of France for generations, the Somme would have the same effect on generations of Britons. The battle is best remembered for its first day, 1 July 1916, on which the British suffered 57,420 casualties, including 19,240 dead—the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army to this day. As terrible as the battle was for the British Empire troops who suffered there, it naturally affected the other nationalities as well. By the end of the battle, the British had learned many lessons in modern warfare, while the Germans had suffered irreplaceable losses. British historian Sir James Edmonds stated, "It is not too much to claim that the foundations of the final victory on the Western Front were laid by the Somme offensive of 1916".

For the first time, the home front in Britain was exposed to the horrors of modern war with the release of the propaganda film The Battle of the Somme, which used actual footage from the first days of the battle.

 الجغرافيا

The Somme department is in the current region of Hauts-de-France and is surrounded by the departments of Pas-de-Calais, Nord, Aisne, Oise and Seine-Maritime. In the northwest, it has a coast on the English Channel. The main rivers are the Somme and its tributaries (Avre, Ancre and Noye, the Authie) as well as the Bresle.

 البلدات الرئيسية

Most Populous Somme communes

الترتيب	البلدة	الكانتون	القسم	التعدا (2017)
1	أميان	Amiens-1, Amiens-2, Amiens-3, Amiens-4, Amiens-5, Amiens-6, Amiens-7	أميان	134,057
2	Abbeville	Abbeville-1 Abbeville-2	Abbeville	22,946
3	Albert	Albert	Péronne	9,928
4	پيرون	پيرون	پيرون	7,579
5	كوربي	كوربي	أميان	6,283

 الديمغرافيا

Population development since 1801:

التعداد التاريخي

السنة تعداد ±% p.a. 1801 459٬453 —     1806 494٬642 +1.49% 1821 508٬710 +0.19% 1831 543٬924 +0.67% 1841 559٬680 +0.29% 1851 570٬641 +0.19% 1861 572٬646 +0.04% 1872 557٬015 −0.25% 1881 550٬837 −0.12% 1891 546٬495 −0.08% 1901 537٬848 −0.16% 1911 520٬161 −0.33% 1921 452٬624 −1.38% 1931 466٬626 +0.31%	السنة تعداد ±% p.a. 1936 467٬479 +0.04% 1946 441٬368 −0.57% 1954 464٬153 +0.63% 1962 488٬225 +0.63% 1968 511٬491 +0.78% 1975 538٬462 +0.74% 1982 544٬570 +0.16% 1990 547٬825 +0.07% 1999 555٬551 +0.16% 2007 565٬910 +0.23% 2012 571٬154 +0.18% 2017 572٬443 +0.05% 2023 565٬413 −0.21%
Sources:

 السياسة

The president of the departmental council is Stéphane Haussoulier, elected in July 2021.

 Presidential elections 2nd round

Election		Winning candidate	Party	%	2nd place candidate	Party	%
	2022	Emmanuel Macron	LREM	45.37	Marine Le Pen	RN	54.63
	2017	Emmanuel Macron	LREM	54.22	Marine Le Pen	FN	45.78
	2012	François Hollande	PS	54.41	Nicolas Sarkozy	UMP	45.59
	2007	Nicolas Sarkozy	UMP	50.46	Ségolène Royal	PS	49.54
	2002	Jacques Chirac	RPR	78.26	Jean-Marie Le Pen	FN	21.74

 Current National Assembly representatives

Constituency		Member	Party
	Somme's 1st constituency	François Ruffin	Debout!
	Somme's 2nd constituency	Zahia Hamdane	La France Insoumise
	Somme's 3rd constituency	Matthias Renault	National Rally
	Somme's 4th constituency	Jean-Philippe Tanguy	National Rally
	Somme's 5th constituency	Yaël Ménache	National Rally

 السياحة

 معرض صور

• 
  Seal in the bay of Somme
• 
  View of Mers-les-Bains
• 
  Amiens
• 
  Château de Rambures
• 
  Chapel in Saint-Valery-sur-Somme

 انظر أيضاً

• Cantons of the Somme department
• Communes of the Somme department
• Arrondissements of the Somme department

 وصلات خارجية

• GPS-Teamproject "Verdun - Somme - 1916"
• War diary of RFC Wireless Operator at start of the Battle of the Somme
• (in فرنسية) Prefecture of Somme website
• (in فرنسية) General council's website
• (in إنگليزية) Photos from Somme