RaTG13
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| BatCoV RaTG13 | |
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تصنيف الفيروسات 
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| نطاق غير مصنف: | الڤيروسات |
| المملكة: | ريبوڤيريا |
| تحت جنس: | Sarbecovirus |
| Species: | |
| Strain: | BatCoV RaTG13
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Bat coronavirus RaTG13 is a SARS-like betacoronavirus that infects the horseshoe bat Rhinolophus affinis.[2][3] It was discovered in 2013 in bat droppings from a mining cave near the town of Tongguan in Mojiang county in Yunnan, China. اعتبارا من 2020[تحديث], it is the closest known relative of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.[4][5]
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Discovery
In spring 2012, three miners cleaning bat feces in an abandoned copper mine near the town of Tongguan in Mojiang Hani Autonomous County developed fatal pneumonia.[6] Serum samples collected from the miners were sent to the Wuhan Institute of Virology and tested by Shi Zhengli and her group for Ebola virus, Nipah virus, and bat SARSr-CoV Rp3. The samples tested negative.[3][7][6]
In order to discover the possible cause of the infection, different animals (including bats, rats, and musk shrews) were sampled in and around the mining cave. Between 2012 and 2015, Shi Zhengli and her group isolated 293 diverse coronaviruses (284 alphacoronaviruses and 9 betacoronaviruses) from bat feces samples in the cave. One of the samples collected in 2013 from Rhinolophus affinis bat feces was the bat coronavirus RaTG13. The strain name was derived from the originating bat species, geographic location, and year collected.[3][7]
In 2020, Shi and her group retested the serum samples from the miners for SARS-CoV-2. The samples tested negative.[3]
Virology
RaTG13 is a positive-strand RNA virus with an outer membrane. Its genome is approximately 29,800 nucleotides. The genome encodes a replicase (ORF1a/1b) and four structural proteins; including a spike protein (S), membrane protein (M), outer membrane protein (E) and capsid protein (N); and five helper nonstructural proteins, including NS3, NS6, NS7a, NS7b and NS8, which are common in coronaviruses.[8]
RaTG13 bears strong resemblance to the SARS-CoV-2 virus (it shares 96.1% nucleotide similarity), and its existence is a supporting piece of evidence for SARS-CoV-2's natural origin.[9] The difference between RaTG13 and SARS-CoV-2 is in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein (S), which is the portion that binds to the receptor protein on the surface of the host cell and causes infection, indicating that the RaTG13 virus might not use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its entry site into the cell as does SARS-CoV-2.[10] Further, the S protein of RaTG13 virus lacks the furin cleavage motif RRAR↓S.[10]
Phylogenetic
See also
References
- ^ "Taxonomy browser (Bat coronavirus RaTG13)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
- ^ Ge XY, Wang N, Zhang W, et al. (February 2016). "Coexistence of multiple coronaviruses in several bat colonies in an abandoned mineshaft". Virologica Sinica. 31 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1007/s12250-016-3713-9. PMC 7090819. PMID 26920708.
- ^ أ ب ت ث Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. (December 2020). "Addendum: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 588 (7836): E6. Bibcode:2020Natur.588E...6Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2951-z. PMID 33199918.
- ^ Poudel U, Subedi D, Pantha S, et al. (October 2020). "Animal coronaviruses and coronavirus disease 2019: Lesson for One Health approach". Open Veterinary Journal. 10 (3): 239–251. doi:10.4314/ovj.v10i3.1. PMC 7703617. PMID 33282694.
- ^ Xiao C, Li X, Liu S, et al. (2020). "HIV-1 did not contribute to the 2019-nCoV genome". Emerging Microbes & Infections. 9 (1): 378–381. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1727299. PMC 7033698. PMID 32056509.
- ^ أ ب Wu Z, Yang L, Yang F, et al. (June 2014). "Novel Henipa-like virus, Mojiang Paramyxovirus, in rats, China, 2012". Emerging Infectious Diseases (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 20 (6): 1064–6. doi:10.3201/eid2006.131022. PMC 4036791. PMID 24865545.
- ^ أ ب Ge XY, Wang N, Zhang W, et al. (February 2016). "Coexistence of multiple coronaviruses in several bat colonies in an abandoned mineshaft". Virologica Sinica. 31 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1007/s12250-016-3713-9. PMC 7090819. PMID 26920708.
- ^ "Bat coronavirus RaTG13, complete genome". NCBI. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
- ^ Hakim MS (February 2021). "SARS‐CoV‐2, Covid‐19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories". Rev Med Virol (Review): e2222. doi:10.1002/rmv.2222. PMC 7995093. PMID 33586302.
- ^ أ ب Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, et al. (April 2020). "The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2". Nature Medicine. 26 (4): 450–452. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9. PMC 7095063. PMID 32284615.