قرةمان
قرةمان أو كارامان هي عاصمة محافظة كارامان تقع في جنوب وسط تركيا ويبلغ تعداد سكانها حوالي 105,384 نسمة. The town lies at an average elevation of 1,039 m (3,409 ft). The Karaman Museum is one of the major sights.
قرةمان
Karaman | |
|---|---|
 المنظر من قلعة قرةمان | |
  قرةمان | |
| الإحداثيات: 37°10′55″N 33°13′05″E / 37.18194°N 33.21806°E | |
| Country | تركيا |
| المحافظة | قرةمان |
| الحكومة | |
| • العمدة | Kamil Uğurlu (AKP) |
| المساحة | |
| • District | 3٬685٫73 كم² (1٬423٫07 ميل²) |
| التعداد (2012)[2] | |
| • Urban | 141٬630 |
| • District | 175٬397 |
| • كثافة District | 48/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | www.karaman.bel.tr |
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Etymology
The town owes its name to Karaman Bey, who was one of the rulers of the Karamanid dynasty. The former name Laranda which in turn comes from the Luwian language Larawanda, literally means "sandy, a sandy place".[3]
History
In ancient times, Karaman was known as Lānda in Hittite and Laranda[4] (باليونانية: Λάρανδα). In the 6th century BC it came under Achaemenid rule until 322 BC, when it was destroyed by Perdiccas,[4] a former general of Alexander the Great, after he had defeated Ariarathes I, king of Cappadocia.[5] It later became a seat of Isaurian pirates. At some point it was possessed by Antipater of Derbe.[6] It belonged to the Roman and later Byzantine Empires until it was captured by the Seljuks in the early 12th century. Karaman was occupied by Frederick Barbarossa in 1190[4] and by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1211 and 1216. In 1256, the town was taken by Karaman Bey and was renamed Karaman in his honour. From 1275, Karaman was the capital of the Karamanid beylik.
In 1468 the Karamanids were conquered by the Ottomans and in 1483 the capital of the province was moved to Konya. Karaman has retained ruins of a Karamanid castle and some walls, two mosques and a Koran school (madrasah) from that age. A mihrab from a mosque from Karaman can now be found in the Çinili Pavilion near the Archeology Museum in Istanbul. The Karamans were Cappadocian Turkomans who fought the Ottomans on the side of the Comnenes, became Christian and migrated westwards.
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There was a Roman Catholic titular see for the city.[7] The poet Yunus Emre (ح. 1238–1320) resided in Karaman during his later years and is believed to lie buried beside the Yunus Emre Mosque. A small adjacent park is adorned with quotations from his verse, many of them graffiti-splattered. In 1222, the Sufi preacher Bahaeddin Veled arrived in town with his family, and the Karamanoğlu emir built a madrasah to accommodate them. Veled's son was the famous Rumi, who married his wife, Gevher Hatun, while his family was living in Karaman. It was here, too, that Rumi's mother died in 1224. She was buried, along with other family members, in the Aktekke Mosque (also known as the Mader-i Mevlana Cami), which Alaeddin Ali Bey had built to replace the original madrasah in 1370.[8]
When Thomas Jefferson fought Libya's Barbary pirates, he replaced one member of the al-Qaramanli dynasty with another as Pasha.
Notable people
- Nestor of Laranda, an epic poet, the father of the poet Peisander.[9]
- Peisander of Laranda an epic poet, the son of the poet Nestor.[9]
Karamanlides
The bearers of the Greek name Karamanlis as well as other surnames beginning with "Karaman" are a toponymic surname for the town.
المناخ
قرةمان لها مناخ قاري شبه قاحل بصيف حار جاف وشتاء بارد ثلجي. قرةمان مدينة مشمسة جداً طوال العام.
| بيانات مناخ قرةمان | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 21.2 (70.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
28.7 (83.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
34.3 (93.7) |
36.9 (98.4) |
40.4 (104.7) |
40.4 (104.7) |
36.4 (97.5) |
33.2 (91.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
40٫4 (104٫7) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 5.4 (41.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
27.8 (82) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.1 (88) |
27.2 (81) |
20.8 (69.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
18٫75 (65٫75) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -4.0 (24.8) |
-3.2 (26.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
4.9 (40.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.3 (50.5) |
5.7 (42.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
-2.0 (28.4) |
5٫32 (41٫57) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -25.8 (-14.4) |
-28.0 (-18.4) |
-20.2 (-4.4) |
-8.3 (17.1) |
-2.2 (28) |
3.4 (38.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
5.6 (42.1) |
-1.0 (30.2) |
-5.4 (22.3) |
-21.2 (-6.2) |
-26.1 (-15) |
−28 (−18٫4) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 40.0 (1.575) |
34.4 (1.354) |
33.7 (1.327) |
37.1 (1.461) |
35.8 (1.409) |
21.8 (0.858) |
5.8 (0.228) |
6.6 (0.26) |
7.7 (0.303) |
27.5 (1.083) |
32.7 (1.287) |
43.4 (1.709) |
326٫5 (12٫854) |
| Avg. rainy days | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 4.6 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 9.8 | 77٫7 |
| Sunshine hours | 111.6 | 126 | 201.5 | 237 | 313.1 | 363 | 403 | 378.2 | 315 | 235.6 | 168 | 108.5 | 2٬960٫5 |
| Source: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü [1] | |||||||||||||
معرض صور
Karaman Street view
Karaman Nefesi Sultan Medresesi monumental entrance
Karaman Medrese of Nefesi Sultan
Karaman Hac Beyler Mosque Entrance
Karaman Haci Beyler Camisi entrance
Karaman Ibrahim Bey Imareti door
Karaman Ibrahim Bey Mosque
Ibrahim Bey Mihrab in Çinili Köşk
Karaman Castle Mosque and surroundings
Karaman Castle mosque
Karaman Ak Tekke interior
Karaman Castle Exterior
Karaman Castle Interior
Karaman Museum Can Hasan I Pottery
Karaman Museum Iconostasis doors
Karaman Museum Kadın fez süsü
Karaman Museum Cowry shell adorned objects
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انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
- ^ "Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
- ^ Bilge Umar. Türkiye'deki Tarihsel Adlar. İnkılap Kitabevi, 1993. ISBN 975-10-0539-6.
- ^ أ ب ت
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 15 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 676. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Diodorus Siculus 18.22.1-2
- ^ Strabo, Geography, §12.6.3
- ^
[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Laranda "|Laranda]"]. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ "Today's Zaman". Archived from the original on 2012-06-29., todayszaman.com
- ^ أ ب Suda Encyclopedia, §nu.261
وصلات خارجية
- District governor's official website, karaman.gov.tr (لغة تركية)
- District municipality's official website, karaman.bel.tr (لغة تركية)
- Extensive photo site with highlights of the town, (إنگليزية)
- Extensive photo site with objects at the museum, (إنگليزية)
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