الملكية الفكرية

(تم التحويل من Intellectual property)
"Intellectual Property" redirects here. For other uses, see Intellectual Property (توضيح).
Intellectual property laws such as trademark laws forbid the sale of infringing goods like these "McDnoald's" [ك‍] and "NKIE" [ك‍] sandals from China.
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الملكية الفكرية بالإنجليزية Intellectual property أو IP ، هي أعمال الفكر الإبداعية أي الاختراعات والمصنفات الأدبية والفنية والرموز والأسماء والصور والنماذج والرسوم الصناعية.[1] There are many types of intellectual property, and some countries recognize more than others.[2][3][4] The best-known types are patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. The modern concept of intellectual property was developed in England in the 17th and 18th centuries. The term "intellectual property" began to be used in the 19th century, though it was not until the late 20th century that intellectual property became commonplace in most of the world's legal systems.[5]

Supporters of intellectual property laws often describe their main purpose as encouraging the creation of a wide variety of intellectual goods.[6] To achieve this, the law gives people and businesses property rights to certain information and intellectual goods they create, usually for a limited period of time. Supporters argue that because IP laws allow people to protect their original ideas and prevent unauthorized copying, creators derive greater individual economic benefit from the information and intellectual goods they create, and thus have more economic incentives to create them in the first place.[6] Advocates of IP believe that these economic incentives and legal protections stimulate innovation and contribute to technological progress of certain kinds.[7]

The intangible nature of intellectual property presents difficulties when compared with traditional property like land or goods. Unlike traditional property, intellectual property is "indivisible", since an unlimited number of people can in theory "consume" an intellectual good without its being depleted.[8] Additionally, investments in intellectual goods suffer from appropriation problems: Landowners can surround their land with a robust fence and hire armed guards to protect it, but producers of information or literature can usually do little to stop their first buyer from replicating it and selling it at a lower price. Balancing rights so that they are strong enough to encourage the creation of intellectual goods but not so strong that they prevent the goods' wide use is the primary focus of modern intellectual property law.[9]

History

المقالة الرئيسية: History of copyright law and History of patent law
The Statute of Anne came into force in 1710.

The Venetian Patent Statute of 19 March 1474, established by the Republic of Venice, is usually considered to be the earliest codified patent system in the world.[10][11] It states that patents might be granted for "any new and ingenious device, not previously made", provided it was useful. By and large, these principles still remain the basic principles of current patent laws. The Statute of Monopolies (1624) and the British Statute of Anne (1710) are seen as the origins of the current patent law and copyright respectively,[12] firmly establishing the concept of intellectual property.

"Literary property" was the term predominantly used in the British legal debates of the 1760s and 1770s over the extent to which authors and publishers of works also had rights deriving from the common law of property (Millar v Taylor (1769), Hinton v Donaldson (1773), Donaldson v Becket (1774)). The first known use of the term intellectual property dates to this time, when a piece published in the Monthly Review in 1769 used the phrase.[13] The first clear example of modern usage goes back as early as 1808, when it was used as a heading title in a collection of essays.[14]

The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation.[15] When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property.

The organization subsequently relocated to Geneva in 1960 and was succeeded in 1967 with the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) by treaty as an agency of the United Nations. According to legal scholar Mark Lemley, it was only at this point that the term really began to be used in the United States (which had not been a party to the Berne Convention),[5] and it did not enter popular usage there until passage of the Bayh–Dole Act in 1980.[16]

The history of patents does not begin with inventions, but rather with royal grants by Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) for monopoly privileges. Approximately 200 years after the end of Elizabeth's reign, however, a patent represents a legal right obtained by an inventor providing for exclusive control over the production and sale of his mechanical or scientific invention. demonstrating the evolution of patents from royal prerogative to common-law doctrine.[17]

The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown, in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own ... as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears."[18] The statement that "discoveries are ... property" goes back earlier. Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, "All new discoveries are the property of the author; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years."[19] In Europe, French author A. Nion mentioned propriété intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, published in 1846.

Until the 2000s, the purpose of intellectual property law was to give as little protection as possible in order to encourage innovation. Historically, legal protection was therefore granted only when necessary to encourage invention, and it was limited in time and scope.[20] This is mainly as a result of knowledge being traditionally viewed as a public good, in order to allow its extensive dissemination and improvement.[21]

The concept's origin can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist—notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century.[22] In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year's patent "to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury".[23]

According to Jean-Frédéric Morin, "the global intellectual property regime is currently in the midst of a paradigm shift".[24] Up until the early 2000s, the global IP regime used to be dominated by high standards of protection characteristic of IP laws from Europe or the United States, with a vision that uniform application of these standards over every country and to several fields with little consideration over social, cultural or environmental values or of the national level of economic development. Morin argues that "the emerging discourse of the global IP regime advocates for greater policy flexibility and greater access to knowledge, especially for developing countries". With the Development Agenda adopted by WIPO in 2007, a set of 45 recommendations to adjust WIPO's activities to the specific needs of developing countries and aim to reduce distortions especially on issues such as patients' access to medicines, Internet users' access to information, farmers' access to seeds, programmers' access to source codes or students' access to scientific articles.[25] However, this paradigm shift has not yet manifested itself in concrete legal reforms at the international level.[26]

Similarly, it is based on these background that the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement requires members of the WTO to set minimum standards of legal protection, but its objective to have a "one-fits-all" protection law on Intellectual Property has been viewed with controversies regarding differences in the development level of countries.[27] Despite the controversy, the agreement has extensively incorporated intellectual property rights into the global trading system for the first time in 1995, and has prevailed as the most comprehensive agreement reached by the world.[28]

Rights

Intellectual property rights include patents, copyright, industrial design rights, trademarks, plant variety rights, trade dress, geographical indications,[29] and in some jurisdictions trade secrets. There are also more specialized or derived varieties of sui generis exclusive rights, such as circuit design rights (called mask work rights in the US), supplementary protection certificates for pharmaceutical products (after expiry of a patent protecting them), and database rights (in European law). The term "industrial property" is sometimes used to refer to a large subset of intellectual property rights including patents, trademarks, industrial designs, utility models, service marks, trade names, and geographical indications.[30]

Patents

المقالة الرئيسية: Patent

A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor or their successor-in-title, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, which may be a product or a process, and generally has to fulfill three main requirements: it has to be novel, not obvious and possess industrial applicability.[31]:17 To enrich the body of knowledge and to stimulate innovation, it is an obligation for patent owners to disclose valuable information about their inventions to the public.[32]

Copyright

المقالة الرئيسية: Copyright
انظر أيضاً: Literary property

A copyright gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or "works".[33][34] Copyright does not cover ideas and information themselves, only the form or manner in which they are expressed.[35]

Licensing frameworks

Standardized copyright licensing systems are used to specify how creative works may be accessed, reused, or redistributed. Creative Commons (CC) licenses provide a set of permissions that range from highly permissive to more restrictive, outlining conditions such as attribution requirements, non-commercial use, share-alike distribution, and restrictions on derivative works.[36] For data and database-related material, the Open Data Commons (ODC) licenses—such as the Open Database License (ODbL), the Attribution License (ODC-By), and the Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)—offer legal tools that govern the sharing, modification, and redistribution of databases.[37] These licensing frameworks provide creators and institutions with flexible ways to manage copyrighted works while maintaining legal clarity in digital and collaborative environments.

Industrial design rights

المقالة الرئيسية: Industrial design right

An industrial design right (sometimes called "design right" or design patent) protects the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or a combination thereof, in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Generally speaking, it is what makes a product look appealing, and as such, it increases the commercial value of goods.[32]

Plant varieties

المقالة الرئيسية: Plant breeders' rights

Plant breeders' rights or plant variety rights are the rights to commercially use a new variety of a plant. The variety must, amongst others, be novel and distinct and for registration the evaluation of propagating material of the variety is considered.

Trademarks

المقالة الرئيسية: Trademark

A trademark is a recognizable sign, design or expression that distinguishes a particular trader's products or services from similar products or services of other traders.[38][39][40]

Trade dress

المقالة الرئيسية: Trade dress

Trade dress is a legal term of art that generally refers to characteristics of the visual and aesthetic appearance of a product or its packaging (or even the design of a building) that signify the source of the product to consumers.[41]

Trade secrets

المقالة الرئيسية: Trade secret

A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or compilation of information which is not generally known or reasonably ascertainable, by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors and customers.[42][43][44]

Trade secrets are protected by a combination of state and federal laws,[globalize] which prescribe a combination of civil and criminal penalties for trade secret "misappropriation"—the improper acquisition, disclosure, or use of a trade secret.[45]

Examples of trade secrets include Coca-Cola's formulas for its soft drinks and the WD-40 Company's formula for its lubricant WD-40.[46]


الأهمية

تحفظ حقوق الملكية الفكرية للمخترع أو صاحب العمل الإبداعي حقوقه ويعطيه حرية أكبر في عرض عمله والإعلان عنه للآخرين ، حيث توفر له حقوق الملكية الفكرية حماية القانون من أي نوع من السرقات أو الإقتباسات الغير مشروعة مما يعطي دفعة أكبر في إتجاه النمو الإقتصادي. [47]

أنواع الملكية الفكرية

وتنقسم الملكية الفكرية إلى فئتين هما؛ الملكية الصناعية التي تشمل الاختراعات (البراءات) والعلامات التجارية والرسوم والنماذج الصناعية وبيانات المصدر الجغرافية من جهة وحق المؤلف الذي يضم المصنفات الأدبية والفنية كالروايات والقصائد والمسرحيات والأفلام والألحان الموسيقية والرسوم واللوحات والصور الشمسية والتماثيل والتصميمات الهندسية من جهة أخرى . وتتضمن الحقوق المجاورة لحق المؤلف حقوق فناني الأداء المتعلقة بأدائهم وحقوق منتجي التسجيلات الصوتية المرتبطة بتسجيلاتهم وحقوق هيئات الإذاعة المتصلة ببرامج الراديو والتلفزيون.

الملكية الصناعية

  • براءة الإختراع
  • العلامات التجارية
  • الرسوم والنماذج الصناعية
  • البيانات الجغرافية

حق المؤلف

  • الحقوق المجاورة لحق المؤلف
  • الإدارة الجماعية لحق المؤلف

انظر أيضا

المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ المنظمة العالمية للملكية الفكرية
  2. ^ "What are intellectual property rights?" (PDF). World Trade Organization. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  3. ^ World Intellectual Property Organization (2021). What is Intellectual Property?. WIPO publication. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). doi:10.34667/tind.43765. ISBN 9789280532210. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  4. ^ "Understanding Industrial Property" (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  5. ^ أ ب "property as a common descriptor of the field probably traces to the foundation of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) by the United Nations." in Mark A. Lemley, Property, Intellectual Property, and Free Riding Archived 26 فبراير 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Texas Law Review, 2005, Vol. 83:1031, page 1033, footnote 4.
  6. ^ أ ب Goldstein & Reese (2008), p. 17.
  7. ^ "The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Technology Transfer and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence" (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  8. ^ Moberly, Michael D. (2014). Safeguarding Intangible Assets. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 33–35. ISBN 978-0-12-800516-3.
  9. ^ Goldstein & Reese (2008), pp. 18–19.
  10. ^ Ladas, Stephen Pericles (1975). Patents, trademarks, and related rights: national and international protection. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-65775-5.
  11. ^ Teich, Mikuláš; Porter, Roy, eds. (1996). The industrial revolution in national context: Europe and the USA (1. publ ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-40940-7.
  12. ^ Sherman, Brad; Bently, Lionel (1999). The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law: The British experience, 1760–1911. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-521-56363-5.
  13. ^ "intellectual property". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) (Citing Monthly Review, vol. 41. p. 290 (1769): "What a niggard this Doctor is of his own, and how profuse he is of other people's intellectual property.")
  14. ^ "intellectual property". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) (Citing Medical Repository Of Original Essays And Intelligence, vol. 11. p. 303 (1808): "New-England Association in favour of Inventors and Discoverers, and particularly for the Protection of intellectual Property.")
  15. ^ 'Article 4 No. 6 of the Constitution of 1867 (German)' Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 52, p. 1255, 2001
  16. ^ Mark A. Lemley, "Property, Intellectual Property, and Free Riding" (Abstract); see Table 1: 4–5.
  17. ^ Mossoff, A. 'Rethinking the Development of Patents: An Intellectual History, 1550–1800,' Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 52, p. 1255, 2001
  18. ^ 1 Woodb. & M. 53, 3 West. L.J. 151, 7 F.Cas. 197, No. 3662, 2 Robb.Pat.Cas. 303, Merw.Pat.Inv. 414
  19. ^ "Patent Archives – Ladas & Parry LLP". Ladas & Parry. Ladas.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  20. ^ Lemley, Mark A. "Property, Intellectual Property, and Free Riding". Heinonline. Heinonline.org. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  21. ^ "The liquidity of innovation". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  22. ^ "Jewish Law – Articles ("Jewish Law and Copyright")". Jlaw.com. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  23. ^ Charles Anthon, A Classical Dictionary: Containing an Account of the Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, and Intended to Elucidate All the Important Points Connected with the Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, and Fine Arts of the Greek and Romans. Together with an Account of Coins, Weights, and Measures, with Tabular Values of the Same 1273 (Harper & Brothers 1841). See also "The first patent law was enacted in Sybaris, a city in the South of Italy, before the Roman domination; The law was mentioned by Atheneus, an ancient writer..." in Takenaka, Toshiko (2013). Intellectual Property in Common Law and Civil Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 419. (chapter by Mario Franzosi).
  24. ^ Morin, Jean-Frédéric. "Paradigm shift in the global IP regime: The agency of academics, Review of International Political Economy, vol 21-2, 2014, p. 275" (PDF).
  25. ^ Morin, Jean-Frédéric. "Paradigm shift in the global IP regime: The agency of academics, Review of International Political Economy, vol 21-2, 2014, p. 275" (PDF).
  26. ^ Morin, Jean-Frédéric. "Paradigm shift in the global IP regime: The agency of academics, Review of International Political Economy, vol 21-2, 2014, p. 275" (PDF).
  27. ^ Roisah, Kholis (26 December 2017). "Understanding Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement: From Hard and Soft Law Perspective". Hasanuddin Law Review. 3 (3): 277–289. doi:10.20956/halrev.v3i3.1153. ISSN 2442-9899.
  28. ^ "intellectual property (TRIPS) - Responding to least developed countries' special needs in intellectual property". WTO. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  29. ^ Article 1(2) of the Paris Convention: "The protection of industrial property has as its object patents, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks, service marks, trade names, indications of source or appellations of origin, and the repression of unfair competition."
  30. ^ "Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property". Wipo. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  31. ^ WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use. Chapter 2: Fields of Intellectual Property Protection Archived 20 مايو 2013 at the Wayback Machine WIPO 2008
  32. ^ أ ب "What is Intellectual Property?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  33. ^ World Intellectual Property Organisation. "Understanding Copyright and Related Rights" (PDF). WIPO. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  34. ^ "About the Licenses". Creative Commons. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  35. ^ "Open Data Commons Licenses". Open Knowledge Foundation. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  36. ^ "Trademark, Patent, or Copyright?". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Department of Commerce. 13 December 2015. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  37. ^ "What is a trade mark (or brand)?". Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012. A trade mark is a sign which can distinguish your goods and services from those of your competitors (you may refer to your trade mark as your "brand").
  38. ^ "Trade Marks". Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt. 28 November 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2019. Trade marks identify the goods and services of particular traders
  39. ^ Merges, Robert P.; Menell, Peter S.; Lemley, Mark A. (2007). Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age (4th rev. ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7355-6989-8.
  40. ^ "trade secret". LII / Legal Information Institute (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2025-02-13. The UTSA defines a 'trade secret' as: Information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process that: Derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; and Is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.
  41. ^ "Trade secrets in the EU: What is protected?". Your Europe (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2025-02-13. If you possess valuable information on technology or on any other aspect of your business, you can protect it as a trade secret if the following conditions are met: the information is not known either by the public at large or by the experts of the sector in question[,] the information has commercial value[, and] you have taken steps to keep the information secret: for example, you keep it in safe storage and you have signed non-disclosure agreements with anyone that has access to it or with whom you have shared the information
  42. ^ "WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation - Part III: Basics of trade secret protection". WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2025-02-13. In general, trade secrets are confidential information, which is: not generally known among, or accessible to, the persons in the relevant business sector ("secrecy")[,] commercially valuable because it is secret, and subject to reasonable steps taken by the rightful holder of the information to keep it secret, such as the use of confidentiality agreements for business partners.
  43. ^ Zirpoli, Christopher (January 27, 2023). "An Introduction to Trade Secrets Law in the United States". Congresstional Research Service. Retrieved March 4, 2025.
  44. ^ Blank, Jennifer. "Trade secret protection in the United States" (PDF). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. USPTO, Office of Policy and International Affairs. Retrieved February 13, 2025.
  45. ^ ويكيبديا الإنجليزية

Sources

  • Arai, Hisamitsu. "Intellectual Property Policies for the Twenty-First Century: The Japanese Experience in Wealth Creation", WIPO Publication Number 834 (E). 2000. قالب:Deprecated archive

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