گوڤرنير موريس

(تم التحويل من Gouverneur Morris)
لأشخاص آخرين اسمهم گوڤرنير موريس, انظر گوڤرنير موريس (توضيح).
"Governor Morris" redirects here. For other uses, see Governor Morris (توضيح).
Gouverneur Morris
1817 portrait
سناتور الولايات المتحدة
عن New York
في المنصب
April 3, 1800 – March 3, 1803
سبقهJames Watson
خلـَفهTheodorus Bailey
4th وزير United States إلى France
في المنصب
June 3, 1792 – April 9, 1794
الرئيسGeorge Washington
سبقهWilliam Short
خلـَفهJames Monroe
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد(1752-01-31)يناير 31, 1752
The Bronx, Province of New York, British America
توفينوفمبر 6, 1816(1816-11-06) (aged 64)
The Bronx, New York, U.S.
المثوىSaint Ann's Episcopal Church, The Bronx
الحزبFederalist
الزوج
​
​
(m. 1809)​
الأنجالGouverneur Morris II
المدرسة الأمKing's College (AB, AM)
التوقيع
گوڤرنير موريس

گوڤرنير موريس Gouverneur Morris  (و.1752 ـ 1816) دبلوماسي أمريكي ورجل دولة. رأس اللجنة التي كتبت المسودة النهائية لدستور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. ويعود له الفضل الأول في صياغة هذا الدستور.

ولد في موريسانيا، نيويورك.

النشأة

Coat of Arms of Gouverneur Morris

Morris was born on January 31, 1752, the son of Lewis Morris Jr. (1698–1762) and his second wife, Sarah Gouverneur (1714–1786). Morris's first name derived from his mother's surname; she was from a Huguenot family that had first moved to Holland and then to New Amsterdam.[1] In both Dutch and French, Gouverneur means "Governor".

Morris's half-brother Lewis Morris was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Another half-brother, Staats Long Morris, was a Loyalist major-general in the British Army during the American Revolution, and Morris's grandfather, Lewis Morris, was the chief justice of New York and British governor of New Jersey.

His nephew, Lewis Richard Morris, served in the Vermont Legislature and in the United States Congress. His grandnephew was William M. Meredith, who was United States Secretary of the Treasury under Zachary Taylor.

Morris's father, Lewis Morris, was a wealthy landowner and judge.

Gouverneur Morris was born on the family estate, Morrisania, on the north side of the Harlem River, which was then in Westchester County but is now part of the Bronx. Morris, a gifted scholar, enrolled at King's College (now Columbia University in New York City) at age 12. He graduated in 1768 and received a master's degree in 1771. He studied law with Judge William Smith and attained admission to the bar in 1775.

حياته السياسية

Portrait of Gouverneur Morris by American painter Alonzo Chappel (circa 1860s)
صورة من: Portraits of generals, ministers, magistrates, members of Congress, and others, who have rendered themselves illustrious in the revolution of the United States of North America / Du Simitière. London : R. Wilkinson and J. Debrett, 1783, no. 9. After a drawing by Pierre Eugène Du Simitière.

أُشيع عن موريس أنه كان متعاطفًا مع بريطانيا، عندما قامت الثورة الأمريكية عام 1775م، ولكنه سرعان ما أثبت أنه واحدٌ من أنشط الوطنيين الأمريكيين. كان عضوًا بارزًا في المؤتمر الدستوري بنيويورك عام 1776م، وكان عضوًا في المؤتمر القاري الثاني من عام 1778 إلى 1779م. ترأس موريس، المفعم بالذكاء والنشاط، عدة لجان في الكونجرس، وقام بصياغة وثائق مهمة، وكان واحدًا من أقدر مساعدي الجنرال جورج واشنطن في الكونجرس أثناء الحرب الثورية. جذب موريس اهتمام روبرت موريس، الوكيل المالي للكونجرس، وعمل مديرًا مساعدًا للمالية من عام 1781 - 1785م.

انتخب موريس نائبًا عن پنسلڤانيا في المؤتمر الدستوري لعام 1787م، وحصل على فرصة الحديث 173 مرة ـ أكثر من أي نائب آخر ـ كما ساعد على قيام حكومة قوية مركزية يسيطر عليها الأغنياء.

في عام 1789، ذهب موريس إلى باريس ممثلاً ماليًا. ثم عمل وزيرًا مفوضًا في فرنسا من عام 1792 إلى عام 1794م. انتخب عضوًا بالكونجرس الأمريكي عن ولاية نيويورك من عام 1800 حتى عام 1803م، كما كان موريس أيضًا عضوًا بارزًا في إنشاء قناة إيري.

الحياة الشخصية

Morris's home in 1897

Until he married late in life, Morris's diary tells of a series of affairs. His lovers included the French novelist Adelaide Filleul and the American poet and novelist Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton.[2]

In 1809, at age 57, he married 35-year-old Ann Cary Randolph (1774–1837), nicknamed "Nancy," who was the daughter of Ann Cary and Thomas Mann Randolph Sr. and the sister of Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.[3] Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. was the husband of Thomas Jefferson's daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph. Nancy lived near Farmville, Virginia, with her sister Judith and Judith's husband, Richard Randolph, on a plantation called Bizarre.[4] In April 1793, Richard Randolph and Nancy were accused of murdering a newborn baby who was said to be Nancy's; presumably, she had been having an affair with Richard.[5] Richard stood trial and was defended by Patrick Henry and John Marshall, who obtained an acquittal.[6] Richard Randolph died suddenly in 1796; both sisters were suspected, but nothing was proven.[7] Nancy remained at Bizarre after her brother-in-law's death but Judith asked her to leave in 1805.[8]

Nancy traveled north and lived in Connecticut before she agreed in 1809 to work as a housekeeper for Morris, whom she had known previously.[9] They soon decided to marry; Morris was apparently undisturbed by the rumors that had caused Nancy to leave Virginia.[10] By all accounts, their marriage was a happy one;[11] they had a son, Gouverneur Morris Jr., who went on to have a long career as a railroad executive.[12]

الهامش

  1. ^ "Gouverneur Morris [1752–1816]". New Netherlands Institute. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  2. ^ Brookhiser, Richard (Spring 2002). "The Forgotten Founding Father". City Journal. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
  3. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1888). Gouverneur Morris. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. p. 340. Gouverneur Morris married randolph.
  4. ^ Kierner, Cynthia A. (2004). Scandal at Bizarre: Rumor and Reputation in Jefferson's America. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-8139-2616-2.
  5. ^ Clinton, Catherine (1982). The Plantation Mistress: Woman's World in the Old South. New York, NY: Pantheon Books: Random House. p. 114. ISBN 9780394722535.
  6. ^ Kirschke, James J. (2005). Gouverneur Morris: Author, Statesman, and Man of the World. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne Books: St. Martin's Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-312-24195-7.
  7. ^ Kirschke, Gouverneur Morris, p. 263
  8. ^ Kierner, Scandal at Bizarre, pp. 91–92
  9. ^ Hines, Emilee (2009). It Happened in Virginia: Remarkable Events That Shaped History. Guilford, CT: Morris Book Publishing, LLC. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7627-5424-3.
  10. ^ Kirschke, Gouverneur Morris, pp. 263–264
  11. ^ Morris, Seymour Jr. (2010). American History Revised: 200 Startling Facts That Never Made it Into the Textbooks. New York, NY: Broadway Books: Random House. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-307-58760-2.
  12. ^ Elizabeth Spencer-Ralph and Gloria McDarrah (October 1979). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: St. Ann's Church Complex". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2011-01-12.

المصادر

  • Brookhiser, Richard (2003). Gentleman Revolutionary: Gouverneur Morris, the Rake Who Wrote the Constitution. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-2379-9.
  • Crawford, Alan Pell (2000). Unwise Passions: A True Story of a Remarkable Woman—and the First Great Scandal of Eighteenth-century America. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83474-X. (A biography of Morris's wife.)
  • Fresia, Jerry (1988). Toward an American Revolution: Exposing the Constitution & Other Illusions. Cambridge: South End Press.
  • Miller, Melanie Randolph, Envoy to the Terror: Gouverneur Morris and the French Revolution (Potomac Books, 2005)
  • The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, Minister of the United States to France; Member of the Constitutional Convention, ed. Anne Cary Morris (1888). 2 vols. online version
  • Swiggert, Howard (1952). The Extraordinary Mr. Morris. New York: Doubleday & Co. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |loc= ignored (help)

وصلات خارجية

مناصب دبلوماسية
سبقه
وليام شورت 		الوزير المفوض الأمريكي إلى فرنسا
1792 – 1794 		تبعه
جيمس مونرو
مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي
سبقه
جيمس واتسون 		سناتور أمريكي (المرتبة 1) عن نيويورك
1800 – 1803
خدم بجانب: جون أرمسترونگ، الابن، دى ويت كلنتون 		تبعه
تيودورس بيلي
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