گوستاف الخامس من السويد

گوستاف الخامس Oscar Gustaf Adolf(و. 16 يونيو 1858 - ت. 29 أكتوبر 1950)، هو ملك السويد من 1907 حتى 1950، وهو الابن البكر لاوسكار الثاني، تم في عهده التحول إلى الملكية الدستورية، مؤسسة حاكمة في دولة ديمقراطية. ويُسجَّل له حفاظه على الحياد التام للسويد في أثناء الحربين العالميتين.

گوستاف الخامس Gustaf V
ملك السويد
العهد	8 ديسمبر 1907 – 29 أكتوبر 1950
سبقه	اوسكار الثاني
تبعه	گوستاف السادس أدولف
وُلِد	16 يونيو 1858 قصر دورتنينگهولم
توفي	29 أكتوبر 1950 قصر دورتنينگهولم
الدفن	كنيسة ريدارهولمن
الزوج	ڤكتوريا من بادن
الأنجال	گوستاف السادس أدولف من السويد، الأمير ڤيلهلم، دوق سودرمانلاند، الأمير إريك، دوق فاستمانلاند
الاسم الكامل اوسكار گوستاف أدولف
البيت	آل برنادوت
الأب	اوسكار الثاني من السويد
الأم	صوفيا من ناساو
الديانة	لوثري

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 الحياة العامة

لقاء الملوك الثلاثة في مالمو، 18 ديسمبر 1914: هاكون السابع من النرويج، گوستاف الخامس، وكريستيان الخامس من الدنمارك.

When he ascended the throne, Gustaf V was, at least on paper, a near-autocrat. The 1809 Instrument of Government made the king both head of state and head of government, and ministers were solely responsible to him. However, his father had been forced to accept a government chosen by the majority in Parliament in 1905. Since then, prime ministers had been de facto required to have the confidence of the Riksdag to stay in office.

Early in his reign, in 1910, Gustaf V refused to grant clemency to the convicted murderer Johan Alfred Ander, who thus became the last person to be executed in Sweden.

At first, Gustaf V seemed to be willing to accept parliamentary rule. After the Liberals won a massive landslide in 1911, Gustaf appointed Liberal leader Karl Staaff as Prime Minister. However, during the runup to World War I, the elites objected to Staaff's defence policy. In February 1914, a large crowd of farmers gathered at the royal palace and demanded that the country's defences be strengthened. In his reply, the so-called Courtyard Speech—which was actually written by explorer Sven Hedin, an ardent conservative—Gustaf promised to strengthen the country's defences. Staaff was outraged, telling the king that parliamentary rule called for the Crown to stay out of partisan politics. He was also angered that he had not been consulted in advance of the speech. However, Gustaf retorted that he still had the right to "communicate freely with the Swedish people." The Staaff government resigned in protest, and Gustaf appointed a government of civil servants headed by Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (father of future UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld) in its place.

Gustaf V and L. K. Relander, the 2nd President of the Republic of Finland, are passing the honorary company on 19 June 1925, when President Relander made his visit to Stockholm.

The 1917 elections showed a heavy gain for the Liberals and Social Democrats, who between them held a decisive majority. Despite this, Gustaf initially tried to appoint a Conservative government headed by Johan Widén. However, Widén was unable to attract enough support for a coalition. It was now apparent that Gustaf could no longer appoint a government entirely of his own choosing, nor could he keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. With no choice but to appoint a Liberal as prime minister, he appointed a Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government headed by Staaff's successor as Liberal leader, Nils Edén. The Edén government promptly arrogated most of the king's political powers to itself and enacted numerous reforms, most notably the institution of complete (male and female) universal suffrage in 1918–1919. While Gustaf still formally appointed the ministers, they now had to have the confidence of Parliament. He was now also bound to act on the ministers' advice. Although the provision in the Instrument of Government stating that "the King alone shall govern the realm" remained unchanged, the king was now bound by convention to exercise his powers through the ministers. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the ministers did the actual governing. While ministers were already legally responsible to the Riksdag under the Instrument of government, it was now understood that they were politically responsible to the Riksdag as well. Gustaf accepted his reduced role, and reigned for the rest of his life as a model limited constitutional monarch. Parliamentarianism had become a de facto reality in Sweden, even if it would not be formalized until 1974, when a new Instrument of Government stripped the monarchy of even nominal political power.

Gustaf V was considered to have German sympathies during World War I. His political stance during the war was highly influenced by his wife, who felt a strong connection to her German homeland. On 18 December 1914, he sponsored a meeting in Malmö with the other two kings of Scandinavia to demonstrate unity. Another of Gustaf V's objectives was to dispel suspicions that he wanted to bring Sweden into the war on Germany's side.

Although effectively stripped of political power, Gustaf was not completely without influence. In 1938, for instance, he personally summoned the German ambassador to Sweden and told him that if Hitler attacked Czechoslovakia over its refusal to give up the Sudetenland, it would trigger a world war that Germany would almost certainly lose. Additionally, his long reign gave him great moral authority as a symbol of the nation's unity.

 تعاطف مزعوم مع النازيين

Prince Gustav Adolf, Hermann Göring, and King Gustaf V in Berlin, February 1939

Both the King and his grandson Prince Gustav Adolf socialized with Nazi leaders before World War II, though arguably for diplomatic purposes. Gustaf V attempted to convince Hitler during a visit to Berlin to soften his persecution of the Jews, according to historian Jörgen Weibull. He was also noted for appealing to the leader of Hungary to save its Jews "in the name of humanity."

When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Gustaf V tried to write a private letter to Hitler thanking him for taking care of the "Bolshevik pest" and congratulating him on his "already achieved victories". He was stopped from doing so by Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson.

During the war, Gustav invited Swedish Nazi leader Sven Olov Lindholm to Stockholm Palace. The Swedish king had friends in Lindholm's movement.

 أزمة منتصف صيف 1941

According to Prime Minister Hansson, during the Midsummer crisis, the King in a private conversation had threatened to abdicate if the government did not approve a German request to transfer a fighting infantry division, the so-called Engelbrecht Division, through Swedish territory from southern Norway to northern Finland in June 1941, around Midsummer. The accuracy of the claim is debated, and the King's intention, if he really made that threat, is sometimes alleged to be his desire to avoid conflict with Germany. The event has received considerable attention from Swedish historians and is known as midsommarkrisen, the Midsummer Crisis.

Confirmation of the King's action is contained in German Foreign Policy documents captured at the end of the war. On 25 June 1941, the German Minister in Stockholm sent a "Most Urgent-Top Secret" message to Berlin in which he stated that the King had just informed him that the transit of German troops would be allowed. He added:

The King's words conveyed the joyful emotion he felt. He had lived through anxious days and had gone far in giving his personal support to the matter. He added confidentially that he had found it necessary to go so far as to mention his abdication.

 الأنجال

الاسم	وُلد	توفى	الهوامش
الملك گوستاف السادس أدولف من السويد	11 نوفمبر 1882	15 سبتمبر 1973	تزوج 1) Princess Margaret of Connaught (1882–1920)، أنجبا (4 أبناء وابنة واحدة)، تزوج 2) Lady Louise Mountbatten (1889–1965)، أنجبت (ابنة غير شرعية)
Prince Vilhelm of Sweden, Duke of Södermanland	17 June 1884	5 June 1965	married Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1890–1958), had issue
Prince Erik of Sweden, Duke of Västmanland	20 أبريل 1889	20 سبتمبر 1918	لم يتزوج وتوفى بعد إصابته Spanish Flu، لم ينجب

 السلف

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 انظر أيضاً

• الألعاب الاولمپية الصيفية 1912، التي افتتحها

 وصلات خارجية

• Gustaf V profile at the International Tennis Hall of Fame website

گوستاف الخامس أل برنادوت وُلِد: 16 يونيو 1858 توفي: 29 أكتوبر 1950
ألقاب ملكية
سبقه اوسكار الثاني	ملك السويد 1907–1950	تبعه گوستاف السادس أدولف
ألقاب ملكية
شاغر	ولي عهد السويد 1872–1907	تبعه گوستاف أدولف
	ولي عهد النرويج 1872–1905	تبعه اولاڤ الخامس
شاغر	دوق ڤرملاند 1858–1907	شاغر
مناصب سياسية
شاغر	نائب ملك السويد 1884	شاغر
جوائز وانجازات
سبقه Sir Cyril Newall	غلاف مجلة تايم 30 أكتوبر 1939	تبعه توم هارمون