اللغة الپارثية

اللغة الپارثية Parthian language، وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم الپهلوية الأشكانية و Pahlawānīg، هي الآن لغة إيرانية شمالية غربية قديمة منقرضة كانت تُستخدم في پارثيا، التي كانت منطقة تقع في ما هو اليوم شمال شرق إيران وتركمنستان. وكانت الپارثية لغة الدولة في الامبراطورية الپارثية الأشكانية (248 ق.م. – 224 م)، وكذلك في فروعها التي حملت اسمها في الأسرة الأشكانية في أرمينيا والأسرة الأشكانية في أيبيريا والأسرة الأشكانية في ألبانيا القوقازية.

الپارثية Parthian
الپهلوية الأشكانية
Pahlawānīg
موطنها	الامبراطورية الپارثية (بما في ذلك الأسرة الأشكانية في أرمينيا، الأسرة الأشكانية في أيبيريا و الأسرة الأشكانية في ألبانيا القوقازية)
المنطقة	پارثيا، إيران القديمة
الحقبة	لغة الدولة 248 ق.م. – 224 م. همـَّشتها الفارسية الوسيطة من القرن الثالث، إلا أنها بقيت متواجدة في القوقاز بسبب عدد من الفروع تحمل اسمها
عائلة اللغات	الهندو-اوروپية الهندو-إيرانية الإيرانية الإيرانية الغربية الإيرانية الشمالية الغربية الپارثية Parthian
نظام الكتابة	الپارثية النقشية، الأبجدية المانوية
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3	xpr
Linguist List	xpr
Glottolog	part1239

كان لهذه اللغة أثر بارز على الأرمنية، التي تـَشكـَّل جزء كبير من مفرداتها أساساً من استعارات من الپارثية. فالعديد من الكلمات الپارثية القديمة مازالت باقية فقط في الأرمنية.

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 التبويب

كانت الپارثية لغة إيرانية وسيطة غربية. Language contact made it share some features of the Eastern Iranian language group, the influence of which is attested primarily in loanwords. Some traces of Eastern influence survive in Parthian loanwords in Armenian. Parthian loanwords appear in everyday Armenian vocabulary; nouns, adjectives, adverbs, denominative verbs, and administrative and religious lexicons.

Taxonomically, Parthian, an Indo-European language, belongs to the Northwestern Iranian language group while Middle Persian belongs to the Southwestern Iranian language group.

 الپارثية المكتوبة

المقالة الرئيسية: الكتابات الپهلوية

The Parthian language was rendered using the Pahlavi writing system, which had two essential characteristics: First, its script derived from Aramaic, the script (and language) of the Achaemenid chancellery (i.e. Imperial Aramaic). Second, it had a high incidence of Aramaic words, rendered as ideograms or logograms, that is, they were written Aramaic words but understood as Parthian ones (See Arsacid Pahlavi for details).

The Parthian language was the language of the old Satrapy of Parthia and was used in the Arsacids courts. The main sources for Parthian are the few remaining inscriptions from Nisa and Hecatompylos, Manichaean texts, Sasanian multi-lingual inscriptions, and remains of Parthian literature in the succeeding Middle Persian. Among these, the Manichaean texts, composed shortly after the demise of the Parthian power, play an important role for reconstructing the Parthian language. These Manichaean manuscripts contain no ideograms.

 شهادات

Attestations of the Parthian language include:

• Some 3,000 ostraca (ca. 100–29 BCE) found in Nisā in southern Turkmenistan.
• A first century AD parchment dealing with a land-sale from Awraman in south-west Iran.
• The first century BC ostraca from Shahr-e Qumis in Eastern Iran.
• The poem Draxt i Asurig
• Inscription of on the coins of Arsacid Kings in the first century AD.
• The bilingual inscription of Seleucia on the Tigris (150–151 AD).
• The inscription of Ardavan V found in Susa (215).
• Some third century documents discovered in Dura-Europos, On the Euphrates.
• The inscription at Kal-e Jangal, near Birjand in South Khorasan (first half of third century).
• The inscriptions of early Sassanian Kings and priests in Parthian including Ka'ba-ye Zartosht near Shiraz and Paikuli in Iraqi Kurdistan.
• The vast corpus of Manichaean Parthian which do not contain any ideograms.
• In North Pakistan, Indo-Parthian culture in Taxila with Gondophares 20 BC–10 BC and Abdagases, Bajaur, Bajaur, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and down in to Sistan, Balochistan.

 عينات

This sample of Parthian literature is taken from a Manichaean text fragment:

A fragment from Mani’s own account of his life

Parthian

English

Āγad hēm Parwān-Šāh, u-m wāxt ku: Drōd abar tō až yazdān. Šāh wāxt ku: Až ku ay? – Man wāxt ku: Bizišk hēm až Bābel zamīg. [...] ud pad hamāg tanbār hō kanīžag društ būd. Pad wuzurg šādīft ō man wāxt ku: Až ku ay tū, man baγ ud anǰīwag?

I came to the Parwan-Shah and said: "Benidictions ⟨be⟩ upon you from the gods (in honorific Plural)!" The Shah said: "From where are you?" I said: "I am a physician from the land of Babylon." [Fragment missing in which Mani seems to describe his miraculous healing of the Shah's handmaiden] and in ⟨her⟩ whole body the handmaiden became healthy ⟨again⟩. ⟨The Shah⟩ in great joy said to me: "From where are you, my lord and saviour?"

 الفرق عن الفارسية الوسيطة

Although Parthian was quite similar to Middle Persian in many aspects, we can still observe clear differences in lexical, morphological and phonological forms. In the text above, the following forms can be noticed:

• ⟨āγad⟩, came, instead of Middle Persian ⟨āyad⟩.
• ⟨wāxt⟩, said, instead of ⟨gōft⟩. This form for the verb to say can still be found in many contemporary Northwestern Iranian languages, e.g. Mazandarani ⟨vātεn⟩ or Zazaki ⟨vatış; vaten⟩. It is also common in Tati and Talysh, though not in Gilaki, Kurmanji or Sorani.
• ⟨až⟩, from, instead of ⟨az⟩. Observe also in ⟨kanīžag⟩, handmaiden, instead of ⟨kanīzag⟩ and even in ⟨društ⟩, healthy, instead of ⟨drust⟩. The rendering of the Persian sound /z/ as /ʒ/, /tʃ / or /dʒ/ is also very common in Northwestern Iranian languages of today.
• ⟨ay⟩, you are (Singular), instead of ⟨hē⟩.
• ⟨zamīg⟩, land, instead of ⟨zamīn⟩. The form ⟨zamīg⟩ can be found in Balochi. The form ⟨zamin⟩ can be found in Persian.
• ⟨hō⟩, that or the, instead of ⟨(h)ān⟩.
• The abstractive nominal suffix ⟨-īft⟩ instead of ⟨-īh⟩, as in ⟨šādīft⟩, joy, Middle Persian ⟨šādīh⟩.

Other prominent differences, not found in the text above, include the personal pronoun ⟨az⟩, I, instead of ⟨an⟩ and the present tense root of the verb ⟨kardan⟩, to do, ⟨kar-⟩ instead of Middle Persian ⟨kun-⟩. Also, the Middle Persian linking particle and relative pronoun ⟨ī(g)⟩ was not present in Parthian, but the relative pronoun ⟨čē⟩, what, was used in a similar manner.

 الانقراض

In 224 AD, Ardashir I, the local ruler of Pars, deposed and replaced Artabanus IV, the last Parthian Emperor, and founded the fourth Iranian dynasty, and the second Persian dynasty, the Sassanian Empire. Parthian was then succeeded by Middle Persian, which when written is known as Sasanian Pahlavi. Parthian did not die out immediately, but remains attested in a few bi-lingual inscriptions from the Sasanian era.

 انظر أيضاً

• Avestan language
• اللغة الفارسية القديمة
• الفارسية الوسيطة
• اللغة الفارسية وتاريخها
• الأدب الپهلوي

 المراجع

 المصادر

• Lecoq, Pierre (1983). "Aparna". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 1. Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub.
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Parthia" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 20 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 871. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Boyce, Mary; Ghirshman, R. (1979). "Review: R. Ghirshman's L'Iran et la Migration des Indo-Aryens et des Iraniens". Of the American Oriental Society. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 99, No. 1. 99 (1): 119–120. doi:10.2307/598967. JSTOR 598967.
• Livshits, Vladimir (2006). "Armeno-Partho-Sogdica". Iran & the Caucasus. Vol. 10, No. 1: 77-86. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)

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 وصلات خارجية

• Some valuable texts in Parthian including Boyce, Mary The Manichaean hymn-cycles in Parthian (London Oriental Series, Vol. 3). London: Oxford University Press, 1954.
• [ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language Covers the massive lexical and vocabulary influences of Parthian on Armenian, (R. Schmitt, H. W. Bailey), originally published 1986.]