سار11

پلاگيباكتراسيا; Pelagibacteraceae
التصنيف العلمي ; (Candidatus)
Domain:	الجراثيم
Phylum:	الپروتوبكتريا
Class:	پروتوبكتريا ألفا
Order:	Rickettsiales

كلاد سار11 SAR11 clade، أو پلاگيباكتراسيا Pelagibacteraceae، ^[1] هو نوع من الجراثيم يشيع وجوده في المحيطات.^[2] جراثيم الكلاد سار11 تشكل تقريباً 1 من كلا ثلاث خلايا على سطح المحيط. بصفة عامة، تقدر جراثيم سار11 ما بين ربع أو نصف خلايا بدائيات النوى الموجودة في المحيطات.

تصنف جراثيم سار11 ضمن الپروتوبكتريا ألفا، التي تضم أعداد وفيرة من أنواع پلاگيباكتر اوبيك. جراثيم سار11 صغيرة للغاية.^[3]

التصنيف

Currently the (unofficial) family is divided into five subgroups:^[4]

Subgroup Ia, open ocean, crown group — includes Pelagibacter ubique HTCC1062
Subgroup Ib, open ocean, sister clade to Ia
Subgroup II, coastal, basal to Ia + Ib
Subgroup III, brackish, basal to I + II along with its sister clade IV
Subgroup IV, also known as LD12 clade, freshwater^[5]
Subgroup V, which includes alphaproteobacterium HIMB59, basal to the remainder

النشوء والتطور

A recent study by researchers of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and the Oregon State University, seems to indicate that SAR11 could be the ancestor of mitochondria existing in most eukaryotic cells.^[1]

Schematic ribosomal RNA phylogeny of Alphaproteobacteria

Magnetococcidae

Magnetococcus marinus

Caulobacteridae

	Holosporales

	Hyphomicrobiales, Rhodobacteraceae, Rhodospirillales, Sphingomonadales, etc.

Rickettsidae

Pelagibacterales

Pelagibacteraceae	Pelagibacter

	Subgroups Ib, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV and V

Rickettsiales

Proto-mitochondria

Anaplasmataceae

Neorickettsia

Wolbachia

	Anaplasma

	Ehrlichia

Midichloriaceae

Midichloria

Rickettsiaceae

	Orientia

	Rickettsia

The cladogram of Rickettsidae has been inferred by Ferla et al. ^[6] from the comparison of 16S + 23S ribosomal RNA sequences.

المصادر

^ ^أ ^ب J. Cameron Thrash, Alex Boyd, Megan J. Huggett, Jana Grote, Paul Carini, Ryan J. Yoder, Barbara Robbertse, Joseph W. Spatafora, Michael S. Rappé, Stephen J. Giovannoni (2011). "Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade" (PDF). Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/srep00013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Morris RM, Rappé MS, Connon SA; et al. (2002). "SAR11 clade dominates ocean surface bacterioplankton communities". Nature. 420 (6917): 806–10. doi:10.1038/nature01240. PMID 12490947. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Rappé MS, Connon SA, Vergin KL, Giovannoni SJ (2002). "Cultivation of the ubiquitous SAR11 marine bacterioplankton clade". Nature. 418 (6898): 630–3. doi:10.1038/nature00917. PMID 12167859. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Robert M. Morris, K.L.V., Jang-Cheon Cho, Michael S. Rappé, Craig A. Carlson, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Temporal and Spatial Response of Bacterioplankton Lineages to Annual Convective Overturn at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study Site" Limnology and Oceanography 50(5) p. 1687-1696.
^ Salcher, M.M., J. Pernthaler, and T. Posch, Seasonal bloom dynamics and ecophysiology of the freshwater sister clade of SAR11 bacteria 'that rule the waves' (LD12). ISME J, 2011.
^ Ferla MP, Thrash JC, Giovannoni SJ, Patrick WM (2013). "New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability". PLOS ONE. 8 (12) e83383. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...883383F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083383. PMC 3859672. PMID 24349502.

[thrash11-1] أ ^ب J. Cameron Thrash, Alex Boyd, Megan J. Huggett, Jana Grote, Paul Carini, Ryan J. Yoder, Barbara Robbertse, Joseph W. Spatafora, Michael S. Rappé, Stephen J. Giovannoni (2011). "Phylogenomic evidence for a common ancestor of mitochondria and the SAR11 clade" (PDF). Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/srep00013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Morris2002-2] Morris RM, Rappé MS, Connon SA; et al. (2002). "SAR11 clade dominates ocean surface bacterioplankton communities". Nature. 420 (6917): 806–10. doi:10.1038/nature01240. PMID 12490947. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[3] Rappé MS, Connon SA, Vergin KL, Giovannoni SJ (2002). "Cultivation of the ubiquitous SAR11 marine bacterioplankton clade". Nature. 418 (6898): 630–3. doi:10.1038/nature00917. PMID 12167859. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[4] Robert M. Morris, K.L.V., Jang-Cheon Cho, Michael S. Rappé, Craig A. Carlson, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Temporal and Spatial Response of Bacterioplankton Lineages to Annual Convective Overturn at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study Site" Limnology and Oceanography 50(5) p. 1687-1696.

[5] Salcher, M.M., J. Pernthaler, and T. Posch, Seasonal bloom dynamics and ecophysiology of the freshwater sister clade of SAR11 bacteria 'that rule the waves' (LD12). ISME J, 2011.

[Ferla2013-6] Ferla MP, Thrash JC, Giovannoni SJ, Patrick WM (2013). "New rRNA gene-based phylogenies of the Alphaproteobacteria provide perspective on major groups, mitochondrial ancestry and phylogenetic instability". PLOS ONE. 8 (12) e83383. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...883383F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083383. PMC 3859672. PMID 24349502.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]