ذرمسالا
ذرمسالا (Dharamsala وأيضاً ذرمشالا؛ تُنطق [d̪haramsala ] أو [d̪haramshalaː]) هي مدينة و municipal corporation في ضلع كانگرا في ولاية هيماچال پرادش بالهند. It is the district headquarters. وكانت تُعرف سابقاً بإسم باگسو. مقر الدالاي لاما ومركز ادارة التبت المركزية (حكومة التبت في المنفى) يوجدا في ذرمسالا. وتبعد ذرمسالا 18 كيلومتر من كانگرا.
ذرمسالا
धर्मशाला Dharamsala (Dharamshala) | |
|---|---|
 منظر ذرمسالا | |
  ذرمسالا الموقع في هيماچال پرادش، الهند | |
| الإحداثيات: 32°13′05″N 76°19′12″E / 32.218°N 76.320°E | |
| البلد |  الهند |
| الولاية | هيماچال پرادش |
| الضلع | كانگرا |
| الحكومة | |
| المساحة | |
| • الإجمالي | 27٫60 كم² (10٫66 ميل²) |
| أعلى منسوب | 2٬352 m (7٬717 ft) |
| أوطى منسوب | 1٬065 m (3٬494 ft) |
| التعداد (2015)[1] | |
| • الإجمالي | 53٬543 |
| • الكثافة | 1٬900/km2 (5٬000/sq mi) |
| Language- Kangri, Himachali, Hindi, Tibetan | |
| • Official | هندي |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 176 215 |
| Telephone code | +91-1892 |
| لوحة السيارة | HP 39,HP 68 |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | www |
Dharamshala has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission. [2]
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الوصف
Dharamshala is a city in the upper reaches of the وادي كانگرا and is surrounded by dense coniferous forest consisting mainly of stately Deodar cedar trees. The suburbs include McLeodGanj, Bhagsunath, Dharamkot, Naddi, ForsythGanj, Kotwali Bazaar (the main market), Kaccheri Adda (government offices such as the court, police, post, etc.), Dari, Ramnagar, Sidhpur, and Sidhbari (where the Karmapa is based).
The village of McLeodGanj, lying in the upper reaches, is known worldwide for the presence of the Dalai Lama. On 29 April 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama (تنزين گياتسو) established the Tibetan exile administration in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie. In May 1960, the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) was moved to Dharamshala.
Dharamshala is the centre of the Tibetan exile world in India. Following the 1959 Tibetan uprising there was an influx of Tibetan refugees who followed the 14th Dalai Lama. His presence and the Tibetan population have made Dharamshala a popular destination for Indian and foreign tourists, including students studying Tibet.
One of the main attractions of Dharamshala is Triund hill. Jewel of Dharamshala, Triund is one day trek at the upper reaches of McLeodGanj, about 9 km from McLeodGanj.
أصل الكلمة
Dharamshala (Devanagari: धर्मशाला; ITRANS: Dharmashala; IAST: Dharmaśālā) is a Hindi word (derived from Sanskrit) that is a compound of dharma (धर्म) and shālā (शाला). A loose translation into English would be 'spiritual dwelling' or, more loosely, 'sanctuary'. Rendering a precise literal translation into English is problematic due to the vast and conceptually rich semantic field of the word dharma[3] and the cultural aspect of India.
In common Hindi usage, the word dharamshala refers to a shelter or rest house for spiritual pilgrims. Traditionally, such dharamshalas (pilgrims' rest houses) were commonly constructed near pilgrimage destinations (often in remote areas) to give visitors a place to sleep for the night. When the first permanent settlement was created in the place now called Dharamshala, there was one such pilgrims' rest house on the site, and the settlement took its name from that dharamshala.[4] dharmasala is a hall for conference, discussions preaching sermons specially in buddhism religion
التاريخ
قبل الراج
Until the British Raj, Dharamshala and its surrounding area was ruled by the Katoch Dynasty of Kangra, a royal family that ruled the region for two millennia.[5] The royal family still keeps a residence in Dharamsala, known as 'Clouds End Villa'. Under the British Raj, the regions were part of undivided province of Punjab, and was ruled by the governors of Punjab from Lahore. The Katoch dynasty, although highly regarded culturally, had been reduced to status of jargidars (of Kangra-Lambagraon) under the Treaty of Jawalamukhi, signed in 1810 between Sansar Chand Katoch and Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Sikh Empire. The indigenous people of the Dharamshala area (and the surrounding region) are the Gaddis, a predominantly Hindu group who traditionally lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic transhumant lifestyle. Due to the lack of permanent settlements in the area, some Gaddis lost their seasonal pastures and farmland when the British and the Gurkhas arrived to settle.
Settlement by the British and the Gurkhas
In 1848, the area now known as Dharamshala was annexed by the British.
تأسيس مجتمع المنفى التبتي
Transcription and pronunciation
الديمغرافيا
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As of Census of India 2001:[6]
- Number of Households - 4,342
- Average Household Size (per Household) - 4.0
- Population-Total - 19,124
- Population-Urban - 19,124
- Proportion of Urban Population (%) - 100
- Population-Rural - 0
- Sex Ratio - 824
- Population(0–6 years) - 1,819
- Sex Ratio(0-6 year) - 913
- SC Population - 2,611
- Sex Ratio (SC) - 861
- Proportion of SC (%) - 14.0
- ST Population - 99
- Sex Ratio (ST) - 833
- Proportion of ST (%) - 1
- Literates - 14,462
- Illiterates - 4,662
- Literacy Rate (%) - 77.0
الجغرافيا
Dharamshala has an average elevation of 1457 metres (4780 feet), covering an area of almost 8.51 km².[7]
المناخ
| بيانات مناخ ذرمسالا | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 23.1 (73.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
35.3 (95.5) |
38.6 (101.5) |
38.3 (100.9) |
35.3 (95.5) |
31.5 (88.7) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.5 (86.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
22.9 (73.2) |
38٫6 (101٫5) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 14.5 (58.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
21.1 (70) |
26.2 (79.2) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.4 (88.5) |
27.2 (81) |
31.1 (88) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
23٫5 (74٫3) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 5.9 (42.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.2 (68.4) |
18.7 (65.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
14٫7 (58٫5) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -1.9 (28.6) |
-1.6 (29.1) |
2.4 (36.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.8 (55) |
15.4 (59.7) |
16.0 (60.8) |
11.2 (52.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.8 (40.6) |
-1.0 (30.2) |
−1٫9 (28٫6) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 114.5 (4.508) |
100.7 (3.965) |
98.8 (3.89) |
48.6 (1.913) |
59.1 (2.327) |
202.7 (7.98) |
959.7 (37.783) |
909.2 (35.795) |
404.8 (15.937) |
66.3 (2.61) |
16.7 (0.657) |
54.0 (2.126) |
3٬054٫4 (120٫252) |
| Avg. rainy days | 6.1 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 9.3 | 22.0 | 22.2 | 12.8 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 99٫4 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[8][9] | |||||||||||||
Dharamshala has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa). Summer starts in early April, peaks in early June (when temperatures can reach 36 °C) and lasts till mid-June. From July to mid-September is the monsoon season when up to 3000 mm (120 inches) of rainfall can be experienced, making Dharamshala one of the wettest places in the state. Autumn is mild and lasts from October to the end of November.
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Important educational institutions in Dharamshala
- Central University of Himachal Pradesh
- Govt Degree College Dharamshala
- Government College of Teacher Education Dharamsala
- Kendriya Vidhyalaya Dharamshala Cantt (Dharamshala)
- Sacred Heart Sr. Sec. School Dharamshala (Sidhpur)
- Regional Center Himachal Pradesh University
- School of Legal Studies
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Memorial Library.at Jama Masjid Dharamshala
- Gurukul Secondary School Dharamshala
- International Sahaja Public School Dharamshala
- Highland Public School Dharamshala
- Bachpan A Play School Dharamshala
- Eurokids Dharamshala
- Maharishi Vidya Mandir School Dharamshala
- DAV SR. SEC. PUBLIC SCHOOL Dharamshala
- Rainbow International School Dharamshala
- GD Goenka School Dharamshala
Trekking in Dharamshala
Notable residents
- Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
- James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, died here.
- Alfred W. Hallett, artist who exhibited twice in Royal Academy of Arts London and lived 41 years at Dharamkot in upper Dharamshala died here in 1986.
Notes and references
- ^ أ ب "About Us". Dharamshala Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
- ^ FP Staff (28 August 2015). "Why only 98 cities instead of 100 announced: All questions answered about smart cities project". Firstpost.
- ^ Dharma#Etymology
- ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 11, page 301 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu.
- ^ "Seminar on Katoch dynasty trail". Tribune India. 2009-11-04.
new findings by researchers suggest "the Katoch dynasty dates back to 8,000 years and its 300 rulers ruled in the pre-Mahabharata period and the present scion of this clan, Aditya Dev Katoch, is the 488th member of the clan in the lineage" The researchers claimed "this dynasty is not only the oldest ruling clan of India but also the oldest dynasty of the world and its founder, Adipursha, had come from Mongolia about 11,000 years back".
- ^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in.
- ^ "Area of Dharamshala Town" (PDF).
- ^ "Dharamsala Climatological Table Period: 1951–1980". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
- ^ "Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
- Verma, V. 1996. Gaddis of Dhauladhar: A Transhumant Tribe of the Himalayas. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi.
- Handa, O. C. 1987. Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi. ISBN 81-85182-03-5.
- tribuneindia.com
وصلات خارجية
