تزييف
التزييف أن تصدر، من مصدر غير شرعي، صورة طبق الأصل لشيء ما خاصة النقود، وذلك بهدف الغش. فسكّ النقود وطبعها، هو مسؤولية الحكومات الوطنية. وقد عُقِدت الاتفاقيات بين الأقطار المختلفة لمعاقبة المزيِّفين لعملة كل دولة منها. وتتخذ منظمة البوليس الدولي (الإنتربول) جانبًا كبيرًا من الاهتمام في التحقيق حول المزيفين العالميين.
أمَّا صناعة تقليد البضائع ذات الماركات المعروفة ـ بما في ذلك الملابس وأجهزة الحاسوب وقطع غيار السيارات المختلفة ـ فتدعى تزييف العلامات التجارية أو الإنتحال. ويلاقي بعض المنتجين للمادة الأصلية صعوبة في حفظ حقوق ملكيتهم الفكرية. والمننتجات المزيّفة تكون عادة أدنى مستوى من المنتجات الأصلية. يُخدع المستهلكون بهذه المنتجات حين يشترونها وهم يحسبون أنهم إنما يشترون المنتجات الأصلية وحكومات البلدان التي يحدث فيها التزييف غالبًا ما تتخذ الاجراءات الضرورية لتقضي عليه. وفشلها في اتخاذ هذه الاجراءات، قد يدمّر إمكانات نجاحها التجاري.
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موضوعات في التزييف
- Archaeological forgery
- Archaeoraptor
- Discoveries of Shinichi Fujimura
- James Ossuary
- Piltdown Man
- Moses Shapira
- Tiara of Saitapharne, Louvre
- Shepton Mallet, Chi-Rho amulet
- The Lady of Elx saw a controversy circa 1995 regarding its authenticity. Recently (2005), the Spanish National Research Council concluded in a research that the pigmentation was, in fact, from ancient times.
- See also Kensington Runestone controversy
- Drake's Plate of Brass
- Sinaia lead plates
- Art forgery
- Tom Keating
- Eric Hebborn
- Elmyr de Hory
- Dürer's imitators
- Camille Corot's imitators
- Han van Meegeren's Vermeers
- Jacques van Meegeren's fakes of Han van Meegeren's work
- Michelangelo's Cupid
- Etruscan terracotta warriors, Metropolitan Museum of Art
- The Rospigliosi Cup or The 'Cellini Cup'
- Samson Ceramics forgeries/reproductions
- Black Admiral
- Currency Forgery
- Counterfeit money
- Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group
- Counterfeit Coin Bulletin
- Counterfeit United States currency
- Fake denominations of United States currency
- William Chaloner (died 1699 at Tyburn), forger, coiner, coin clipper and counterfeiter,
- Catherine Murphy (counterfeiter) (died 1789) the last woman to be executed by burning.
- Literary forgery - these literary forgeries all had some effect on the course of cultural history. Other literary forgeries, such as the Hitler diaries, briefly achieve wide notoriety, without affecting subsequent history; they are brought together as literary hoaxes.
- Epistle to the Laodiceans
- Theology of Aristotle
- Ademar of Chabannes' forged Life of St. Martial
- Thomas Chatterton's pseudo-medieval poetry
- Ossianic poems
- The Book of the Zohar, a primary text of medieval Kabbalah, was written by a 16th century Spanish Rabbi but attributed to Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai, an ancient sage of the Second Temple period. It was widely accepted as genuine until the advent of modern scholarship.
- The Salamander Letter, which offered an alternative account of Joseph Smith's finding of the Book of Mormon, written by master forger Mark Hofmann.
- Jack the Ripper's Diary
- Clifford Irving's Howard Hughes autobiography
- Charles Weisberg
- False documents
- Yellowcake Forgery
- Mark Hofmann
- James Maybrick
- Donation of Constantine
- Vinland map
- Dossiers Secrets, the document forgeries planted in the Bibliothèque nationale de France that were developed into Holy Blood, Holy Grail etc.
- Identity document forgery
- Musical Forgery (Music allegedly written by composers of past eras, but actually composed later by someone else)
- W. A. Mozart, "Adélaïde" concerto for violin (by Marius Casadesus)
- G. F. Handel, Viola Concerto (by Henri Casadesus)
- J. C. Bach, Cello Concerto in C minor (by Henri Casadesus)
- Valentin Strobel, Concerto (by François-Joseph Fétis)
- Works for lute by Sautscheck (by Roman Turovsky-Savchuk)
- Works for lute by Ioannes Leopolita (by Roman Turovsky-Savchuk)
- Works for baroque guitar by Antonio da Costa (by Paulo Galvao)
- "Kanzona" for lute by Francesco da Milano (by Vladimir Vavilov)
- A.Sychra, Elegy for guitar (by Vladimir Vavilov)
- Fritz Kreisler's works for violin attributed to other composers
- Joseph Haydn, 6 Keyboard Sonatas (by Winfried Michel)
- Joseph Haydn, Cello Concerto 'No 5' in C major, Hob VIIb:5 (by David Popper)
- Philatelic fakes and forgeries
- Relic forgery - It is not the efficacy of a relic that is in question, but only its provenance.
- cf True Cross
- cf Shroud of Turin
- Biblical archaeology - Ancient artifacts
- Political forgery - false documents used for purposes of black propaganda.
- The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
- Zinoviev Letter
- Tanaka Memorial
- Ems Dispatch (actually more of a document altered by Otto von Bismarck in order to incite a war response from France against Germany)
- Killian documents (Memos critical of the United States National Guard service of President George W. Bush, now widely considered to be forgeries. See also Killian documents authenticity issues.)
المصادر
- Robert Cohon, Discovery & Deceit: archaeology & the forger's craft Kansas: Nelson-Atkins Museum, 1996
- Oscar Muscarella, The Lie Became Great: the forgery of Ancient Near Eastern cultures, 2000
- "Imaginary Images" in Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery at Library and Archives Canada
- Franklin, Dixon. Hardy Boys Undercover Brothers Case#21: Comic Con Artist. New York: Aladdin Paperbacks, 2008.
انظر ايضا
- علامة تجارية
- إنتحال
- Authentication
- False document
- Falsification
- FBI
- Counterfeiting including coins, currency, drugs, watches and postage stamps
- Replica
- Phishing
- Questioned document examination
- Epigraphy
- United States Secret Service
- White Collar Crime