الفتح الساساني للقدس
قالب:Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar The Sasanian Empire conquered Jerusalem after a brief siege in 614, during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, after the Persian Shah Khosrau II appointed his general Shahrbaraz to conquer the Byzantine controlled areas of the Near East. Following the victory in Antioch, Shahrbaraz conquered Caesarea Maritima, the administrative capital of the province.[4] By this time the grand inner harbor had silted up and was useless, however the Emperor Anastasius had reconstructed the outer harbor and Caesarea remained an important maritime city, providing the Persian Empire with access to the Mediterranean Sea.[5] The Sasanian Persians were joined by Nehemiah ben Hushiel[6] and Benjamin of Tiberias (a man of immense wealth), who enlisted and armed Jewish soldiers from Tiberias, Nazareth and the mountain cities of Galilee, and together with a band of Arabs and additional Jews from southern parts of the country they marched on Jerusalem. Some 20,000 Jewish rebels joined the war against the Byzantine Christians.[7] Depending on the chronicler figures of either 20,000 or 26,000 are given.[1] The Persian army reinforced by Jewish forces led by Nehemiah ben Hushiel and Benjamin of Tiberias would capture Jerusalem without resistance.[4]
| Siege of Jerusalem (614) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| جزء من the Jewish revolt against Heraclius during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| المتحاربون | |||||||||
| Byzantine Empire |
Sasanian Persian Empire, Jewish allies | ||||||||
| القادة والزعماء | |||||||||
| Patriarch Zacharias # |
Shahrbaraz Nehemiah ben Hushiel  Benjamin of Tiberias | ||||||||
| القوى | |||||||||
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Sasanian Empire
| ||||||||
| الضحايا والخسائر | |||||||||
| 4,518[2]-66,509 Christians[3] | Many Jews slain in the revolt | ||||||||
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خلفية
Jews and Samaritans were persecuted frequently by the Byzantines resulting in numerous revolts. Byzantine religious propaganda developed strong anti-Jewish elements.[4][9][10] In several cases Jews tried to help support the Sasanian advance. A pogrom in Antioch in 608 would lead to a Jewish revolt in 610 which was crushed. Jews also revolted in both Tyre and Acre in 610. The Jews of Tyre were massacred in reprisal. Unlike in earlier times when Jews had supported Christians in the fight against Shapur I, the Byzantines had now become viewed as oppressors.[11]
Following the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE Jews were prohibited from entering the city. Constantine allowed Jews to enter for one day each year, during the holiday of Tisha B'Av.[12][13][14] In 438 CE the Empress Eudocia removed the ban on Jews entering the city. However, following violent Christian opposition the ban was reinstated.[15] The ban on settlement was maintained until the Arab conquest, except during the reign of the emperor Julian and from 614-617 under the Persians.[16] Due to these circumstances Jerusalem is thought to have had only a small Jewish population prior to the events of 614.
Revolt and its aftermath
See also
References
- ^ أ ب James Parkes (1949). A history of Palestine from 135 A.D. to modern times. Victor Gollancz. p. 81.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةbibleinterp.com - ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةAntiochus - ^ أ ب ت The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos. Liverpool University Press. 1999. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
{{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=(help) - ^ Joseph Patrich (2011). "Caesarea Maritima". Institute of Archaeology Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ^ Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. p. 362. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia CHOSROES (KHOSRU) II. PARWIZ ("The Conqueror"):. Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
{{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter|authors=(help) - ^ MobileReference (2011). Jerusalem Sights: A Travel Guide to the Top 30 Attractions in Jerusalem, Israel. Includes Detailed Tourist Information about the Old City: The Golden Gate. MobileReference. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
- ^ Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures. Hotei Publishing the Netherlands. 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ J. D. Howard-Johnston (2006). East Rome, Sasanian Persia and the End of Antiquity: Historiographical and Historical Studies. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.,. pp. 124–125, 142. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Jacob Neusner (1975). a history of the jews in babylonia v. later sasanian times. Brill Archive. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ Larry Domnitch. "Western Wall: This remnant of the Second Temple is an important symbol in Judaism". MyJewishLearning.com. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ^ Elizabeth Speller (2004). Following Hadrian: A Second-Century Journey Through the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 207. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ^ J Abraham P. Bloch (1987). One a Day: An Anthology of Jewish Historical Anniversaries for Every Day of the Year. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 246. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ^ Leslie J. Hoppe (2000). The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament. Liturgical Press. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
- ^ Zank, Michael. "Byzantian Jerusalem". Boston University. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
Primary sources
- Antiochus Strategos, The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD, F. C. Conybeare, English Historical Review 25 (1910) pp. 502–517.
- Sebeos chapter 24, [Robert Bedrosian]
- Sefer Zerubbabel, [John C. Reeves. University of North Carolina at Charlotte.]