إنكومييندا

إنكومييندا (إسپانية: encomiendacode: es is deprecated ؛ النطق الإسپاني: [eŋkoˈmjenda]) كانت نظام عمل، يكافئ الفاتحين بعمل جماعات معينة من الناس. وكانت قد تأسست لأول مرة في اسبانيا أثناء الفترة الرومانية، إلا أنها استُخدِمت أيضاً بعد استعادة المسيحيين لأراضي المسلمين. وقد طبقت على نطاق أوسع كثيراً أثناء الاستعمار الاسباني للأمريكتين والفلپين. Conquered peoples were considered vassals of the Spanish monarch and the award of an encomienda was a grant from the crown to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the sixteenth century, the grants were considered to be a monopoly on the labor of particular Indians, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the encomendero, and his descendants.^[1]

Francisco Hernández Giron was a Spanish encomendero في نائبية پيرو الذي احتج على القوانين الجديدة في 1553. These laws, passed in 1542, gave certain rights to indigenous peoples and protected them against abuses. Drawing by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala.

في الإنكومييندا، the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes, suppressing rebellion against Spaniards, والحماية من القراصنة، instruction in the Spanish language and development, and maintenance of infrastructure.

In return, the natives would provide tributes in the form of metals, maize, wheat, pork or any other agricultural product. In the first decade of Spanish presence in the Caribbean, Spaniards divided up the natives, who in some cases were worked relentlessly.

سفر كنگزبورو: إنكومنديرو يعذّب هندي. نسخة إيطالية قام بها أگوستينو آليو، 1825-1826، عن اللورد كنگزبورو.

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انظر أيضاً

للاستزادة

The standard history in English of the encomienda system Leslie Byrd Simpson, The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning of Spanish Mexico (1950), a thorough revision of his work of 1929.^[2]

الهامش

^ James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, Early Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press 138.
^ Robert S. Chamberlain, "Simpson's the Encomienda in New Spain and Recent Encomienda Studies" The Hispanic American Historical Review 34.2 (May 1954):238–250 began the process.

ببليوگرافيا

García de Valdeavellano, Luis (1992). Curso de historia de las Instituciones españolas (4º ed.). Madrid: Alianza. ISBN 9788420680538.
Avellaneda, Jose Ignacio (1995). The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1612-3.
Crow, John A., The Epic of Latin America, (London, 1992)
"Encomienda" Encyclopædia Britannica
Guitar, Lynne (1997). "Encomienda System". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.) (ed.). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. Vol. vol. 1, A–K. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 250–251. ISBN 0-87436-885-5. OCLC 37884790. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); |volume= has extra text (help)
Himmerich y Valencia, Robert (1991). The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72068-8.

الكلمات الدالة:

إنكومييندا

[1] James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, Early Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press 138.

[2] Robert S. Chamberlain, "Simpson's the Encomienda in New Spain and Recent Encomienda Studies" The Hispanic American Historical Review 34.2 (May 1954):238–250 began the process.

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