أوكسيتك

Auxetische Materialien.wiki.png

مواد الأوكسيتك إنگليزية: Auxetic Metamaterials هي مواد عندما تخضع لقوى شد، تصبح ذات سماكة أكبر في الاتجاه العمودي على القوة المطبقة، أي أن لها نسبة بواسون سالبة. يحدث هذا نتيجة بنية هذه المواد الخاصة التي تكون على شكل مفاصل والتي ترتخي عند شد هذه المواد. تتمتع هذه المواد بخصائص ميكيانيكية مثيرة مثل امتصاص الطاقة، ومقاومة الانكسار. مثل هذه الخواص قد تكون مفيدة في تطبيقات مثل واقيات الرصاص، مواد التعليب، حاميات الركبة والمرفق، مواد امتصاص الصدمات.

أصل المصطلح auxetic هو من اللغة اليونانية من الكلمة αὐξητικός(auxetikos) والتي تعني "الشيء الذي يميل للازدياد".

قد تتكون الأوكسيتكات من جزيء أو بنية مجهرية محددة.

عادة يكون لأوكسيتكات كثافة منخفضة، الذي يسمح للبنية المفصلة بالارتخاء.


تاريخ

يعود أوائل الأمثلة على أوكسيتك مركب إلى عام 1987 نشر في مجلة العلوم تحت عنوان "مواد رغوية ذات نسبة بواسون سالبة" ("Foam structures with a negative Poisson's ratio") من قبل R.S. Lakes من جامعة أيوا.

أمثلة

In footwear, auxetic design allows the sole to expand in size while walking or running, thereby increasing flexibility.

بعض الأمثلة على المواد الأوكستية:

  • الجلد الذي يغطي ثدي البقرة.
  • بعض الأحجار والفلزات.
  • أنسجة العظم الحي (هذه باقية موضع الشك).
  • Auxetic polyurethane foam[1][2]
  • Nuclei of mouse embryonic stem cells in exiting pluripotent state [3]
  • α-Cristobalite.[4]
  • Certain states of crystalline materials: Li, Na, K, Cu, Rb, Ag, Fe, Ni, Co, Cs, Au, Be, Ca, Zn, Sr, Sb, MoS2, BAsO4, and others.[5][6][7]
  • Certain rocks and minerals[8]
  • Graphene, which can be made auxetic through the introduction of vacancy defects[9][10]
  • Carbon diamond-like phases[11]
  • Two-dimensional tungsten semicarbide[12]
  • Noncarbon nanotubes[13][14]
  • Living bone tissue (although this is only suspected)[8]
  • Tendons within their normal range of motion.[15]
  • Specific variants of polytetrafluorethylene polymers such as Gore-Tex[16]
  • Several types of origami folds like the Diamond-Folding-Structure (RFS), the herringbone-fold-structure (FFS) or the miura fold,[17][18] and other periodic patterns derived from it.[19][20]
Production of auxetic metamaterials through the introduction of patterned microstructural cuts using direct laser cutting. The thin rubber surface with perforated architecture covers a spherical surface (orange)[21]
  • Tailored structures designed to exhibit special designed Poisson's ratios.[22][23][24][25][26][27]
  • Chain organic molecules. Recent researches revealed that organic crystals like n-paraffins and similar to them may demonstrate an auxetic behavior.[28]

التطبيقات

Auxetics are used in garments, origami, and chemicals.

Synthetic auxetics using a bio-inspired lattice structure (BLS) are reported to supply 13 times more stiffness, absorb 10% more energy, and exhibit a 60% greater strain range than existing auxetic materials. Potential applications include construction material, protective sports gear, and medical products.[29]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Li, Yan; Zeng, Changchun (2016). "On the successful fabrication of auxetic polyurethane foams: Materials requirement, processing strategy and conversion mechanism". Polymer. 87: 98–107. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2016.01.076.
  2. ^ Li, Yan; Zeng, Changchun (2016). "Room-Temperature, Near-Instantaneous Fabrication of Auxetic Materials with Constant Poisson's Ratio over Large Deformation". Advanced Materials. 28 (14): 2822–2826. Bibcode:2016AdM....28.2822L. doi:10.1002/adma.201505650. PMID 26861805. S2CID 5260896.
  3. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :0
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  6. ^ Gorodtsov, V.A.; Lisovenko, D.S. (2019). "Extreme values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of hexagonal crystals". Mechanics of Materials (in الإنجليزية). 134: 1–8. Bibcode:2019MechM.134....1G. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2019.03.017. S2CID 140493258.
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  9. ^ Grima, J. N.; Winczewski, S.; Mizzi, L.; Grech, M. C.; Cauchi, R.; Gatt, R.; Attard, D.; Wojciechowski, K.W.; Rybicki, J. (2014). "Tailoring Graphene to Achieve Negative Poisson's Ratio Properties". Advanced Materials. 27 (8): 1455–1459. doi:10.1002/adma.201404106. hdl:11380/1239858. PMID 25504060. S2CID 19738771.
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  12. ^ Stocek, N.B.; Ullah, F.; Fanchini, G. (2024). "Giant auxetic behavior in remote-plasma synthesized few-layer tungsten semicarbide". Materials Horizons (in الإنجليزية). 11 (13): 3066–3075. doi:10.1039/D3MH02193A. PMID 38639038. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)
  13. ^ Goldstein, R.V.; Gorodtsov, V.A.; Lisovenko, D.S.; Volkov, M.A. (2014). "Negative Poisson's ratio for cubic crystals and nano/microtubes". Physical Mesomechanics (in الإنجليزية). 17 (2): 97–115. Bibcode:2014PhyMe..17...97G. doi:10.1134/S1029959914020027. S2CID 137267947.
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  29. ^ Ghoshal, Abhimanyu (2025-03-08). "Sea sponges inspire super strong material for more durable buildings". New Atlas (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2025-03-13.

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