أنستاسيوس الثاني (امبراطور)
Anastasius II (لاتينية: Artemius Anastasius; باليونانية: Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος, died 719) was the Byzantine emperor from 713 to 715.[1] During his reign he reversed his predecessor's decision to appoint a Monothelete Patriarch of Constantinople. He instead re-elevated Orthodoxy in Constantinople by appointing Germanus I to the position in order to gain Pope Constantine's favor. He was deposed by Theodosius during the Byzantine campaign against the Umayyad Caliphate in 715.[2] Four years later, in 719, Anastasius would launch a rebellion against Emperor Leo III with the intent to reclaim the throne. He initially received support in the form of soldiers and funds from Tervel of Bulgaria. But once Anastasius failed to enter Constantinople, the Bulgar forces he had brought complied with a request from Leo III to turn Anastasius and his allies over. Anastasius would then be executed with other members of the rebellion in 719.[3]
| Anastasius II | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor of the Romans | |||||
 Solidus of Anastasius II. The inscription reads d n artemius anastasius mul a. | |||||
| Byzantine emperor | |||||
| العهد | 4 June 713 – late 715 | ||||
| سبقه | Philippicus | ||||
| تبعه | Theodosius III | ||||
| توفي | 1 June 719 Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) | ||||
| الزوج | Irene | ||||
| |||||
| الأسرة | Twenty Years' Anarchy | ||||
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Biography
Anastasius was a Greek, originally had the baptismal name of Artemios[4] (لاتينية: Artemius; باليونانية: Ἀρτέμιος; male form of Artemis), and had served as a bureaucrat and Imperial secretary (asekretis) for his predecessors as Emperor. Troops of the Opsikion Theme stationed in Thrace overthrew Emperor Philippicus in 713. This was due to his failure in his military campaigns against the Umayyad Caliphate to the east and the Bulgars to the west.[5] Philippicus was blinded and the day after the conspirators then chose Artemios as Emperor on June 4, 713.[6] He chose Anastasius as his regnal name. Soon after his accession, Anastasius II imposed discipline on the army and executed those officers who had been directly involved in the conspiracy against Philippicus.
Rule
Anastasius upheld the decisions of the Sixth Ecumenical Council and deposed the Monothelete Patriarch John VI of Constantinople, replacing him with the orthodox Patriarch Germanus in 715. This also put an end to the short-lived local schism with the Catholic Church.
The advancing Umayyad Caliphate surrounded the Empire by land and sea (they penetrated as far as Galatia in 714), and Anastasius attempted to restore peace by diplomatic means. His emissaries having failed in Damascus, he undertook the restoration of Constantinople's walls and the rebuilding of the Roman fleet. However, the death of the Caliph al-Walid I in 715 gave Anastasius an opportunity to turn the tables on his rival. He dispatched an army under Leo the Isaurian, afterwards emperor, to invade Syria, and he had his fleet concentrate on Rhodes with orders not only to resist the approach of the enemy but to destroy their naval stores.[7]
Deposition
At Rhodes, Opsician troops, still resenting the Emperor's strict measures, mutinied, slew the admiral John, and proclaimed as emperor Theodosius III (Theodosios), a tax-collector of low extraction. After a six-month siege, Constantinople was taken by Theodosius; Anastasius, who had fled to Nicaea, was eventually compelled to submit to the new emperor and retired to a monastery in Thessalonica.[2] Theophanes the Confessor states that Anastasius reigned for 1 year and 3 months, which would place his deposition in September 715. However, another possible date is November 715.[8]
Rebellion
In 719, Anastasius headed a revolt against Leo III, who had succeeded Theodosius, receiving considerable support, including auxiliaries reportedly provided by Tervel of Bulgaria. However the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor, who offers this information elsewhere, confuses Tervel with his eventual successor Kormesiy, so perhaps Anastasius was allied with the younger ruler. Another explanation holds that Kormesiy represented Tervel during the Bulgarians' negotiation with Anastasius.[9] In any case, the rebel forces advanced on Constantinople. The Bulgarians betrayed Anastasius, leading to his defeat.[4] The enterprise failed, and Anastasius fell into Leo's hands and was put to death by his orders on 1 June. He was killed along with other conspirators including Niketas Xylinitas and the archbishop of Thessaloniki.[4] Anastasius' wife Irene had him buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[7][10]
See also
References
- ^ Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). A History of Byzantium (in الإنجليزية). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-4051-8471-7.
- ^ أ ب One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 1 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 919.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Grigoriou-Ioannidou, Martha (1998). "Monoxyla, Slavs, Bulgars, and the Coup Organised by Artemios-Anastasios II (719)". Balkan Studies. 39 (2): 181–195.
- ^ أ ب ت Burke, John; Scott, Roger (2017). Byzantine Macedonia: Identity Image and History (in الإنجليزية). Leiden: BRILL. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-18-76-50306-2.
- ^ Noahm (19 August 2020). "Philippikos (711–713)". Dumbarton Oaks. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 17 أكتوبر 2022 suggested (help) - ^ Summer, Graham (2003). "Philippicus, Anastasius II and Theodosius III". Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. 17 (3): 287–291.
- ^ أ ب Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Sumner, Grant (1976). "Philippicus, Anastasius II and Theodosius III". GRBS. XVII: 287–294. ISSN 0017-3916. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020.
- ^ Sheppard, Si (2020-03-19). Constantinople AD 717–18: The Crucible of History (in الإنجليزية). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-3693-9.
- ^ "Anastasius II". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Australian Catholic University. 25 November 2000. Retrieved 17 October 2020. (Archive)
Sources
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.
External links
وسائط متعلقة بـAnastasius II من مشاع المعرفة.
| ألقاب ملكية | ||
|---|---|---|
| سبقه Philippicus |
Byzantine emperor 4 June 713 – 715 |
تبعه ثيودوسيوس الثالث |
| مناصب سياسية | ||
| سبقه Philippicus in 711, then lapsed |
Roman consul 714 |
تبعه Lapsed, Leo III in 718 |