خام

الخام Ore الصخور أو المواد المعدنية المتشكلة طبيعيا و التي تحوي على المعادن الخام ويتم العنصر من فلزه الخام يعتمد على نوع الفلز الخام حيث يحطم الفلز الخام و يخلط بمواد منقية ثم يسخن إلى درجة عالية.

خام الحديد (banded iron formation)

خام المنگنيز – psilomelane (أبعاد: 6.7 × 5.8 × 5.1 سم)

خام الرصاص – galena and anglesite (أبعاد: 4.8 × 4.0 × 3.0 سم)

خام الذهب (أبعاد: 7.5 × 6.1 × 4.1 سم)

Cart for carrying ore from a mine on display at the Historic Archive and Museum of Mining in Pachuca, المكسيك

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التبويب

Ore deposits are classified according to various criteria developed via the study of economic geology, or ore genesis. The classifications below are typical.

Hydrothermal epigenetic deposits

Mesothermal lode gold deposits, typified by the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie
Archaean conglomerate hosted gold-uranium deposits, typified by Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada and Witwatersrand, South Africa
Carlin–type gold deposits, including;
Epithermal stockwork vein deposits

Granite related hydrothermal

IOCG or iron oxide copper gold deposits, typified by the supergiant Olympic Dam Cu-Au-U deposit
Porphyry copper +/- gold +/- molybdenum +/- silver deposits
Intrusive-related copper-gold +/- (tin-tungsten), typified by the Tombstone, Arizona deposits
Hydromagmatic magnetite iron ore deposits and skarns
Skarn ore deposits of copper, lead, zinc, tungsten, etcetera

Magmatic deposits

Magmatic nickel-copper-iron-PGE deposits including
- Cumulate vanadiferous or platinum-bearing magnetite or chromite
- Cumulate hard-rock titanium (ilmenite) deposits
- Komatiite hosted Ni-Cu-PGE deposits
- Subvolcanic feeder subtype, typified by Noril'sk-Talnakh and the Thompson Belt, Canada
- Intrusive-related Ni-Cu-PGE, typified by Voisey's Bay, Canada and Jinchuan, China
Lateritic nickel ore deposits, examples include Goro and Acoje, (Philippines) and Ravensthorpe, Western Australia.

رسوبيات بركانية

Volcanic hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) Cu-Pb-Zn including;
- Examples include Teutonic Bore and Golden Grove, Western Australia
  - Besshi type
  - Kuroko type

Metamorphically reworked deposits

Podiform serpentinite-hosted paramagmatic iron oxide-chromite deposits, typified by Savage River, Tasmania iron ore, Coobina chromite deposit
Broken Hill Type Pb-Zn-Ag, considered to be a class of reworked SEDEX deposits

Carbonatite-alkaline igneous related

Phosphorus-tantalite-vermiculite (Phalaborwa South Africa)
Rare earth elements – Mount Weld, Australia and Bayan Obo, Mongolia
Diatreme hosted diamond in kimberlite, lamproite or lamprophyre

Sedimentary deposits

Magnified view of banded iron formation specimen from Upper Michigan. Scale bar is 5.0 mm.

Banded iron formation iron ore deposits, including
- Channel-iron deposits or pisolite type iron ore
Heavy mineral sands ore deposits and other sand dune hosted deposits
Alluvial gold, diamond, tin, platinum or black sand deposits
Alluvial oxide zinc deposit type: sole example Skorpion Zinc

Sedimentary hydrothermal deposits

SEDEX
- Lead-zinc-silver, typified by Red Dog, McArthur River, Mount Isa, etc.
- Stratiform arkose-hosted and shale-hosted copper, typified by the Zambian copperbelt.
- Stratiform tungsten, typified by the Erzgebirge deposits, Czechoslovakia
- Exhalative spilite-chert hosted gold deposits
Mississippi valley type (MVT) zinc-lead deposits
Hematite iron ore deposits of altered banded iron formation

خامات متعلقة بالأستروبليم

Sudbury Basin nickel and copper, Ontario, Canada

الاستخلاص

Some ore deposits in the world

Some additional ore deposits in the world

The basic extraction of ore deposits follows these steps:

Prospecting or exploration to find and then define the extent and value of ore where it is located ("ore body")
Conduct resource estimation to mathematically estimate the size and grade of the deposit
Conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work.

معادن خامات هامة

Acanthite (cooled polymorph of Argentite): Ag₂S for production of silver
Barite: BaSO₄
Bauxite Al(OH)₃ and AlOOH, dried to Al₂O₃ for production of aluminium
Beryl: Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆
Bornite: Cu₅FeS₄
Cassiterite: SnO₂
Chalcocite: Cu₂S for production of copper
Chalcopyrite: CuFeS₂
Chromite: (Fe, Mg)Cr₂O₄ for production of chromium
Cinnabar: HgS for production of mercury
Cobaltite: (Co, Fe)AsS
Columbite-Tantalite or Coltan: (Fe, Mn)(Nb, Ta)₂O₆
Dolomite: CaMg(CO₃)₂
Galena: PbS
Native gold: Au, typically associated with quartz or as placer deposits
Hematite: Fe₂O₃
Ilmenite: FeTiO₃
Magnetite: Fe₃O₄
Malachite: Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂
Molybdenite: MoS₂
Pentlandite: (Fe, Ni)₉S₈
Pyrolusite: MnO₂
Scheelite: CaWO₄
Sperrylite: PtAs₂ لانتاج الپلاتين
Sphalerite: ZnS
Uraninite (pitchblende): UO₂ for production of metallic uranium
Wolframite: (Fe, Mn)WO₄

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انظر أيضاً

الهامش

للاستزادة

DILL, H.G. (2010) The “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium, Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 100, Issue 1-4, June 2010, Pages 1-420