تودحلية الرابع

Tudḫaliya IV
Tudḫaliya IV
Labarna
	Tudhaliya standing on two mountains, Yazilikaya relief 64
King of the Hittites
العهد	ح. 1245–1215 BC
سبقه	Ḫattušili III
تبعه	Arnuwanda III
توفي	BC 1215
الأنجال	Arnuwanda III; Šuppiluliuma II;
الأب	Ḫattušili III
الأم	Puduhepa
الديانة	Hittite religion
Seal

Tudḫaliya IV was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom), and the younger son of Ḫattušili III. He reigned 1245ح. 1245–1215 BC.^[1] His mother was the great queen, Puduḫepa.

Early life

Tudḫaliya was likely born in his father's court in Ḫattuša, after his brother and crown prince Nerikkaili, but still while their father was governing on his brother Muwatalli II's behalf. He was a good friend of Muwatalli's son, Kurunta, and Ḫattušili ordered that they stay on good terms.

A document known as the "Apology" or "Autobiography" of Hattusili III indicates that he named Tudḫaliya as priest of the goddess Šauška of Samuha.^[2]

After Ḫattušili III as King wrote up a treaty with "Ulmi-Tessup" which confirmed Kurunta's rule over Tarḫuntašša, Ḫattušili elevated Tudḫaliya over his older brother to be his crown prince. Tudḫaliya as king drew up a treaty recorded on a bronze tablet confirming the links between him and Kurunta.

Tudḫaliya had a sister, Maathorneferure, who served as Great Royal Wife to Pharaoh Ramesses II of Egypt.

Reign

The Hittite Empire covered large parts of Anatolia and Syria. Climate change set with drier conditions that caused a severe drought. Tudḫaliya IV responded by building at least 13 dams to secure water supplies, one of which still survives to this day at Alacahöyük.^{[link removed]}

In the East, Tudḫaliya IV faced the rival Assyrians. He suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria in the Battle of Nihriya, 1237 BCح. 1237 BC.

Tudḫaliya, king of the Hittites, was reeling from defeat by the Assyrians at the Battle of Nihriya, refers to the Babylonian king as his equal, in his treaty with his vassal, Šaušgamuwa of Amurru, hinting at the possible existence of an alliance or at least a tacit understanding between them.^[3] It reads:

The kings who are equal to me (are) the king of Egypt, the king of Karanduniyaš (Babylon), the king of Assyria <and the king of Aḫḫiyawa>.
And if the king of Karanduniyaš is My Majesty's friend, he shall also be your friend; but if he is My Majesty's enemy, he shall also be your enemy.
Since the king of Assyria is My Majesty's enemy he shall also be your enemy.
Your merchant shall not enter into Assyria and you shall not allow his merchant into your land. He shall not pass through your land.
But if he enters into your land, you should seize him and send him off to My Majesty.^[4]
— Treaty between Tudḫaliya and Šaušgamuwa، Tablet A, column IV, lines 1-18 edited

In the Southwest, the empire had been divided with parts of the territory controlled by Kurunta of Tarḫuntašša.

A clay tablet (CTH 121), dating to the reign of Šuppiluliuma II, tells that a statue was set up by Tudḫaliya IV to commemorate his conquest of the Land of Alasiya (Cyprus?).

Tudḫaliya IV had two sons, Arnuwanda III and Šuppiluliuma II, who are considered the final two kings of the Hittite Empire.

References

^ Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.
^ de Martino, Stefano (2023). "The Edict Issued by the Hittite King Ḫattušili III Concerning the Priesthood of the Goddess Ištar/Šaušga". In Mora, Clelia; Torri, Giulia (eds.). Administrative Practices and Political Control in Anatolian and Syro-Anatolian Polities in the 2nd and 1st Millennium BCE. Firenze: Firenze University Press. pp. 9–23. ISBN 979-12-215-0042-4.
^ Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. pp. 494, 318.
^ Itamar Singer (2003). "Treaties". In William W. Hallo (ed.). The Context of Scripture: Volume II: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Brill. p. 99.

External links

Reign of Tudhaliya IV

ألقاب ملكية
سبقه Ḫattušili III	Hittite king	تبعه Arnuwanda III

(1) = الزوجة الأولى
(2) = الزوجة الثانية
Small caps تشير لملك عظيم (LUGAL.GAL) في أرض حاتـّي؛ italic small caps تشير إلى ملكة عظيمة أو تـَوانانـّا.
الخطوط المتقطعة تشير لتبني.
الخطوط المتصلة تشير إلى زواج (لو أفقية) أو أبوة (لو رأسية).

المراجع:

Trevor Bryce (1997). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Trevor Bryce (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Volkert Haas (2006). Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.

ملاحظات:

^ Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was the son of Himuili and thus a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II (Bryce 1997, p. 131).
^ Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133).
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Bryce (1997), p. 139.
^ Bryce (1997), p. 158.
^ وجود حاتوشيلي الثاني مشكوك فيه (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154).
^ Bryce (1997), p. 172.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت ^ث Bryce (1997), p. 174.
^ ^أ ^ب Bryce (1997), p. 168.
^ Also known as Malnigal؛ ابنة بورنا-بورياش الثاني من بابل (Bryce 1997, p. 173).
^ ‘الكاهن الأكبر’ في Kizzuwadna والملك (lugal) من حلب (Bryce 1997, p. 174).
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت ^ث King (lugal) of Carchemish.
^ Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204.
^ زنـّانزا توفي في طريقه إلى مصر ليتزوج أرملة الفرعون، ربما عنخ إسن پا آتن، أرملة توت عنخ آمون (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198).
^ Bryce (1997), p. 227.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت Bryce (1997), p. 230.
^ Bryce (1997), p. 296.
^ Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).
^ Bryce (1997), p. 222.
^ Haas (2006), p. 91.
^ Massanauzzi married مستوري، ملك أرض نهر سها (Bryce 1997, p. 313).
^ Bryce (1997), p. 220.
^ Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).
^ Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).
^ ابنتان لحاتوشيلي الثالث تزوجتا فرعون مصر رمسيس الثاني؛ one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.
^ Bryce (1997), p. 332.
^ Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.
^ King (lugal) من تارهون‌تاسا (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).
^ ^أ ^ب Bryce (1997), p. 361.
^ Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.
^ Bryce (1997), p. 363.
^ الملك العظيم على تارهون‌تاسا؛ ابن مورسيلي، the Great King, who is likely identical with مورسيلي الثالث/أورهي-تسوب (Bryce 2012, p. 21 f.).
^ King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).

[:1-1] Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.

[de_Martino-2] Martino, Stefano (2023). "The Edict Issued by the Hittite King Ḫattušili III Concerning the Priesthood of the Goddess Ištar/Šaušga". In Mora, Clelia; Torri, Giulia (eds.). Administrative Practices and Political Control in Anatolian and Syro-Anatolian Polities in the 2nd and 1st Millennium BCE. Firenze: Firenze University Press. pp. 9–23. ISBN 979-12-215-0042-4.

[hittite-3] Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. pp. 494, 318.

[4] Itamar Singer (2003). "Treaties". In William W. Hallo (ed.). The Context of Scripture: Volume II: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Brill. p. 99.

[5] Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was the son of Himuili and thus a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II (Bryce 1997, p. 131).

[6] Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133).

[bryce139-7] أ ^ب ^ت Bryce (1997), p. 139.

[8] Bryce (1997), p. 158.

[9] وجود حاتوشيلي الثاني مشكوك فيه (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154).

[10] Bryce (1997), p. 172.

[bryce174-11] أ ^ب ^ت ^ث Bryce (1997), p. 174.

[bryce168-12] أ ^ب Bryce (1997), p. 168.

[13] Also known as Malnigal؛ ابنة بورنا-بورياش الثاني من بابل (Bryce 1997, p. 173).

[14] ‘الكاهن الأكبر’ في Kizzuwadna والملك (lugal) من حلب (Bryce 1997, p. 174).

[carch-15] أ ^ب ^ت ^ث King (lugal) of Carchemish.

[16] Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204.

[17] زنـّانزا توفي في طريقه إلى مصر ليتزوج أرملة الفرعون، ربما عنخ إسن پا آتن، أرملة توت عنخ آمون (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198).

[18] Bryce (1997), p. 227.

[bryce230-19] أ ^ب ^ت Bryce (1997), p. 230.

[bryce296-20] Bryce (1997), p. 296.

[21] Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).

[22] Bryce (1997), p. 222.

[23] Haas (2006), p. 91.

[24] Massanauzzi married مستوري، ملك أرض نهر سها (Bryce 1997, p. 313).

[25] Bryce (1997), p. 220.

[26] Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).

[27] Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).

[28] ابنتان لحاتوشيلي الثالث تزوجتا فرعون مصر رمسيس الثاني؛ one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.

[29] Bryce (1997), p. 332.

[30] Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.

[31] King (lugal) من تارهون‌تاسا (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).

[bryce361-32] أ ^ب Bryce (1997), p. 361.

[33] Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.

[bryce363-34] Bryce (1997), p. 363.

[35] الملك العظيم على تارهون‌تاسا؛ ابن مورسيلي، the Great King, who is likely identical with مورسيلي الثالث/أورهي-تسوب (Bryce 2012, p. 21 f.).

[36] King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).

[37] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24, 34, 45.

[38] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24.

[39] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24, 34, 45.

[40] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 63-68.

[41] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 68.

[42] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 97.

[43] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 76.

[44] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96.

[45] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-99.

[46] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-99.

[47] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 155.

[48] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 161-162, considering the two names variants, referring to the same queen.

[49] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 155-156, additionally suggesting to identify him with Tudḫaliya the Younger.

[50] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 199-200.

[51] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 199-201.

[52] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 198-201.

[53] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 257.

[54] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 211.

[55] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 211, 273, 276.

[56] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 275.

[57] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 278, 284.

[58] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 284.

[59] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 19.

[60] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 62-65.

[61] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 65-67.

[62] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87.

[63] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87.

[64] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 128-129, 153.

[65] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 165-169.

[66] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87.

[67] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 130, 222.

[68] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87, 163.

[69] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 149-150.

[70] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 164, 201.

[71] Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 65.

[72] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 165, 201-203.

[73] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201; Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 20-21, rejecting the alternative reading "Ḫišmi-Šarruma."

[74] Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 177-178.

[75] Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 178-180.

[76] Freu 2010–2011: 190-191.

[77] Freu 2010: 189.

[78] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201-202.

[79] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201, 203-204.

[80] Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 66.

[81] Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 67-68.

[82] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 239.

[83] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 239.

[84] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 240-241.

[85] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 210.

[86] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 210.

[87] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166.

[88] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166; Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 67.

[89] Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 69.

[90] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 289.

[91] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148-149.

[92] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148.

[93] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148.

[94] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148.

[95] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-98.

[96] Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 97.

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شجرة عائلة المملكة الحديثة للحيثيين، حسب جاك فروي
Kantuzzili,^[أ] m. Walanni, perhaps daughter of Zidanta II ^[ب] تودحلية الأول (c.1465–1440 BC),^[ت] m. Kattešḫapi (?) ^[ث] ḪATTUŠILI II (c.1440–1425 BC),^[ج] m. Ašmu-Ḫeba (?) ^[ح] تودحلية الثاني (c.1425–1390 BC),^[خ] m. Nikkal-mati ^[د] Ašmu-Nikkal,^[ذ] m. أرنو واندا الأول (ح.1390–1370 BC) ^[ر] تودحلية الثالث/Tašmi-Šarri (c.1370–1350 BC),^[ز] m. (1) Šatandu-Ḫeba; (=?) (2) Tadu-Ḫeba ^[س] Tulpi-Teššub the Younger ^[ش] تودحلية الأصغر ت.ح.1350 BC ^[ص] Ḫenti,^[ض] m. شوپ‌پيلوليئوما الأول (ح.1350–1319 ق.م.)،^[ط] who m. (2) Tawananna (Malnigal) من بابل ^[ظ] أرنو واندا الثاني (c.1319–1318 BC) ^[ع] Telipinu, Priest of Kizzuwatna, then vassal king of Aleppo, left descendants ^[غ] Piyaššili/Šarri-Kušuḫ, vassal king of Carchemish, left descendants ^[ف] Zannanza,^[ق] betrothed to Ankhesenamun (?) ^[ك] MURŠILI II (ح.1318–1295 ق.م.)،^[ل] m. (1) Gaššulawiya;^[م] (2) Danu-Ḫeba ^[ن] Ḫalpašulupi ^[هـ] MUWATALLI II (ح.1295–1272 ق.م.) ^[و] MURŠILI III/Urḫi-Teššub (ح.1272–1265 ق.م.) ^[ي] Kurunta/Ulmi-Teššub, vassal king of Tarḫuntašša, left descendants ^[a] Maššanauzzi,^[b] m. King Mašturi of the Šeḫa River Land ^[c] خاتوشيلي الثالث (ح.1265–1240 ق.م.)،^[d] m. Pudu-Ḫeba ^[e] Nerikkaili,^[f] m. ابنة الملك Bentešina of أمورو ^[g] Ḫuzziya ^[h] تودحلية الرابع/Tašmi-Šarruma (ح.1240–1215 ق.م.) ^[i] أرنو واندا الثالث (c.1215–1210 BC) ^[j] شوپ‌پيلوليئوما الثاني (ح.1210–1185 ق.م.) ^[k] تودحلية الخامس (؟) ^[l] Eḫli-Nikkal, m. الملك Ammurapi من أوغاريت ^[m] Ḫannuti ^[n] Ḫešni ^[o] Kurakura ^[p] Ḫišmi-Šarruma ^[q] Maathorneferure,^[r] m. الملك رمسيس الثاني من مصر ^[s] Unknown, m. الملك رمسيس الثاني من مصر ^[t] Gaššulawiya,^[u] m. King Bentešina of أمورو ^[v] Kiluš-Ḫeba,^[w] m. King Ari-Šarruma of Išuwa ^[x] Muwatti, m. King Mašḫuiluwa of Mira-Kuwaliya ^[y] Unknown, m. King Šattiwaza of Mittani ^[z] Kantuzzili, Priest of Kizzuwatna ^[aa] Pariyawatra ^[ab] Mannini ^[ac] Tulpi-Teššub ^[ad] Ašmi-Šarruma Ziplantawiya، ملكة، ^[ae] m. Unknown Attāi ^[af] A detailed and annotated genealogy of Hittite New Kingdom monarchs and their families, as reconstructed by Jacques Freu in his multi-volume work Les Hittites et leur histoire, presented as an alternative to the less detailed and sometimes differing reconstruction based on Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites.
المراجع: Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2007b), Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris. Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2008), L'apogée du nouvel empire hittite, Paris. Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2010), Le déclin et la chute du nouvel empire hittite, Paris. Freu, Jacques (2010–2011), "Le vase d'argent du musée des civilisations anatoliennes d'Ankara et la fin de l'empire hittite," Talanta 42–43 (2010–2011) 185-192.
Notes: ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24, 34, 45. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 24, 34, 45. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 63-68. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 68. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 97. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 76. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-99. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-99. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 155. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 161-162, considering the two names variants, referring to the same queen. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 155-156, additionally suggesting to identify him with Tudḫaliya the Younger. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 199-200. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 199-201. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 198-201. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 257. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 211. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 211, 273, 276. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 275. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 278, 284. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 284. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 19. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 62-65. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 65-67. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 128-129, 153. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 165-169. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 130, 222. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 87, 163. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 149-150. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 164, 201. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 65. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 165, 201-203. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201; Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 20-21, rejecting the alternative reading "Ḫišmi-Šarruma." ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 177-178. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 178-180. ^ Freu 2010–2011: 190-191. ^ Freu 2010: 189. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201-202. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 201, 203-204. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 66. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 67-68. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 239. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 239. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 240-241. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 210. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166, 210. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 166; Freu & Mazoyer 2010: 67. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2008: 69. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 289. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148-149. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 148. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 96-98. ^ Freu & Mazoyer 2007b: 97.

Early life

Reign

See also

References

External links