قرةخواجة
قرةخواجة (صينية: 高昌回鶻؛ پن‌ين: Gāochāng Húihú؛ حرفياً: 'أويغور قوچو'�، بالمنغولية ᠦᠶᠭᠦᠷ Uihur "id.")، ويُعرفون أيضاً بإسم إديقوت،[7][8][9][10] ("الثروة المقدسة"؛ "المجد") كانت مملكة طخارية-أويغورية نشأت في 843.
مملكة قرةخواجة | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 843–1132 (أصبحت تابعة لـ لياو الغربية) 1209 (أصبحت تابعة لـ المنغول) أواخر القرن 13 إلى منتصف القرن 14 (خاضعة تماماً لـ خانية چقطاي) | |||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||
| المكانة | مملكة | ||||||||||||
| العاصمة | گاوتشانگ، بش‌باليق | ||||||||||||
| اللغات الشائعة | الطخارية، الهندو-إيرانية ولاحقاً لغة الأويغور القديمة | ||||||||||||
| الدين | كنيسة المشرق ("النسطورية")، مانوية،[1][2] Buddhism[3] | ||||||||||||
| الحكومة | ملكية | ||||||||||||
| Idiqut | |||||||||||||
| التاريخ | |||||||||||||
• تأسست | 843 | ||||||||||||
• انحلت | 1132 (أصبحت تابعة لـ لياو الغربية) 1209 (أصبحت تابعة لـ المنغول) أواخر القرن 13 إلى منتصف القرن 14 (خاضعة تماماً لـ خانية چقطاي) | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
أسسها اللاجئون الأويغور الفارون من دمار خاقانية الأويغور بعد أن طردهم قيرغير يني‌سـِيْ. وقد اتخذوا عاصمتهم الصيفية في قرةخواجة (وتُدعى أيضاً قوچو، وحالياً مديرية گاوتشانگ في طرفان) وعاصمتهم الشتوية في بش‌باليق (حالياً ناحية جيمسار، وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم محافظة تينگ).[11] ويشار إلى سكانها بإسم "أويغور شي‌ژو" على الاسم القديم من صينية تانگ لـ گاوتشانگ، أو أويغور قوچو نسبةً إلى عاصمتهم، أو أويغور كوچار نسبةً إلى مدينة أخرى (كوچار) سيطروا عليها، أو أويغور أرسلان (الأسد) نسبةً إلى لقب ملكهم.
ويتعقب حكام مملكة قوچو نسبهم إلى قتلغ من أسرة إدسيز في خاقانية الأويغور.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
خط زمني
في 843، هاجرت جماعة من الأويغور جنوباً بقيادة پانگتلى واحتلوا قرةشهر و كوچار.
العرق
While the Uyghur language is a Turkic language, James A. Millward claimed that the Uyghurs were generally "Mongoloid" (an archaic term meaning "appearing ethnically Eastern or Inner Asian"), giving as an example the images of Uyghur patrons of Buddhism in Bezeklik, temple 9, until they began to mix with the Tarim Basin's original, Indo-European-speaking "Caucasoid" inhabitants,[12] such as the so-called Tocharians. Buddhist Uyghurs created the Bezeklik murals.[13]
 | Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (July 2018) |
التاريخ
النزاع مع قرةخانات
The Buddhist Uyghurs came into conflict with their Muslim neighbors, notably the Kara-Khanid Khanate. Its ruler Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan razed Qocho's Buddhist temples.[14]
كتاب محمود القشغري Three Turkic Verse Cycles recorded in order - في وادي إرتيش، a defeat inflicted on "infidel tribes" at the hands of the Karakhanids, secondly, the Buddhist Uyghurs being attacked by the Muslim Turks, and finally, a defeat inflicted upon "a city between Tangut and China.", Qatun Sini, at the hands of the Tangut Khan.[15][16]
أهان محمود القشغري البوذيين الأويغور بأنهم "كلاب الأويغور" وسماهم "تات"، التي تشير إلى "كفار الأويغور" حسب the Tuxsi and Taghma, while other Turks called Persians "tat".[17][18] While al-Kashgari displayed a different attitude towards the Turks diviners beliefs and "national customs", he expressed towards Buddhism a hatred in his Diwan where he wrote the verse cycle on the war against Uighur Buddhists. Buddhist origin words like toyin (a cleric or priest) and Burxān or Furxan[19][20] (meaning Buddha,[21][22][23] acquiring the generic meaning of "idol" in the Turkic language of al-Kashgari) had negative connotations to Muslim Turks.[24][25]
The wars against Buddhist, shamanist, and Manichaean Uyghurs were considered a jihad by the Kara-Khanids.[26][27][28]
Islam was the enemy of the Eastern Christian and Buddhist Turfan Uyghur Kingdom.[29]
The Imams and soldiers who died in the battles against the Uyghur Buddhists and Khotan Buddhist Kingdom during the Tarim Basin's Islamification at the hands of the Karakhanids are revered as saints.[30]
It was possible the Muslims drove some Uyghur Buddhist monks towards taking asylum لدى أسرة شيا الغربية.[31]
حكم المنغول
Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called the Asud or "Right Alan Guard", which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former kingdom of Qocho وفي بش‌باليق (حالياً هي Jimsar County), the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi.[32]
الفتح على يد الچقطاي المسلمين
الأويغور البوذيون في مملكة قرةخواجة وطرفان اعتنقوا الإسلام فتحاً أثناء غزوة (دينية) قام بها حاكم خانية چقطاي المسلمة خضر خوجة (حكم 1389-1399). Qocho and Turfan were viewed as part of "Khitay",[33] which was a name for China.[34] The 1390s war by Kizir Khoja's against the Uyghurs (Huihu) of Qoco (Qocho) is also considered a Jihad. As a consequence of the Jihad, the religion of Islam was forced on Qocho and this resulted in the city of Jiaohe being abandoned.[35] مجاهدو خانية چقطاي المسلمة هزموا الأويغور و طـُهـِّرت هامي من الديانة البوذية التي حل محلها الإسلام.[36] The Islamic conversion forced on the Buddhist Hami state was the final event in the Islamization.[26][37][38]
قائمة الملوك (إيديقوت)
There are numerous gaps in our knowledge of the Uyghur rulers of Qocho prior to the thirteenth century. The title of the ruler of Qocho was idiqut or iduq qut. In 1308, Nolen Tekin was granted the title Prince of Gaochang by the Emperor Ayurbarwada. The following list of rulers is drawn mostly from Turghun Almas, Uyghurlar (Almaty, 1992), vol. 1, pp. 180–85.[39]
- 850–866: Pan Tekin
- 866–871: Boko Tekin
... - 940–948: Irdimin Khan
- 948–985: Arslan (Zhihai) Khan
... - 1126–????: Bilge (Biliege) Tekin
... - ????–????: Isen Tomur
... - 1208–1235: Baurchuq (Barchukh) Art Tekin
- 1235–1245: Qusmayin
- 1246–1255: Salun Tekin
- 1255–1265: Oghrunzh Tekin
- 1265–1266: Mamuraq Tekin
- 1266–1276: Qozhighar Tekin
- 1276–1318: Nolen Tekin
- 1318–1327: Tomur Buqa
- 1327–1331: Sunggi Tekin
- 1331–1335: Taypan (Taipingnu)
- 1335–1353: Yuelutiemur
- 1353–????: Sangge
معرض صور
Uyghur Khagan
Uyghur king from Turfan
Uyghur Prince from the Bezeklik murals
Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals
Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals
Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals
Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals
Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals
Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho
Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho
Manicheans from Qocho
Mural from a Nestorian temple in Qocho
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
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{{cite web}}:|chapter=ignored (help) - ^ Stephen F. Teiser (1 April 2003). The Scripture on the Ten Kings: And the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2776-2.
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{{cite book}}: External link in|ref= - ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. p. 280.
{{cite book}}: External link in|ref= - ^ Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. p. 162.
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- ^ Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage. Rhythms Monthly. 2006. p. 479. ISBN 978-986-81419-8-8.
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