علاقة پلانك
علاقة پلانك[1][2][3] (التي يشار إليها بإسم علاقة پلانك للطاقة-التردد،[4] علاقة پلانك-آينشتاين،[5] معادلة پلانك،[6] وصيغة پلانك،[7] though the latter might also refer to قانون پلانك[8][9]) هي معادلة أساسية في ميكانيكا الكم تنص أن الطاقة E لفوتون، والمعروفة بإسم طاقة الفوتون، تتناسب مع تردده ν: خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E = h \nu.} The constant of proportionality, h, is known as the Planck constant. Several equivalent forms of the relation exist, including in terms of angular frequency ω: خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E = \hbar \omega,} where خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \hbar = h / 2 \pi} . Written using the symbol f for frequency, the relation is خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E = h f.}
The relation accounts for the quantized nature of light and plays a key role in understanding phenomena such as the photoelectric effect and black-body radiation (where the related Planck postulate can be used to derive Planck's law).
الصيغ الطيفية
Light can be characterized using several spectral quantities, such as frequency ν, wavelength λ, wavenumber خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tilde{\nu}} , and their angular equivalents (angular frequency ω, angular wavelength y, and angular wavenumber k). These quantities are related through خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nu = \frac{c}{\lambda} = c \tilde \nu = \frac{\omega}{2 \pi} = \frac{c}{2 \pi y} = \frac{ck}{2 \pi},} so the Planck relation can take the following "standard" forms: خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E = h \nu = \frac{hc}{\lambda} = h c \tilde \nu,} as well as the following "angular" forms: خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E = \hbar \omega = \frac{\hbar c}{y} = \hbar c k.}
The standard forms make use of the Planck constant h. The angular forms make use of the reduced Planck constant ħ = h/2π. Here c is the speed of light.
علاقة دى برولي
The de Broglie relation,[10][11][12] also known as de Broglie's momentum–wavelength relation,[4] generalizes the Planck relation to matter waves. Louis de Broglie argued that if particles had a wave nature, the relation E = hν would also apply to them, and postulated that particles would have a wavelength equal to λ = h/p. Combining de Broglie's postulate with the Planck–Einstein relation leads to خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p = h \tilde \nu} or خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p = \hbar k.}
The de Broglie relation is also often encountered in vector form خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{p} = \hbar \mathbf{k},} where p is the momentum vector, and k is the angular wave vector.
شرط تردد بور
Bohr's frequency condition[13] states that the frequency of a photon absorbed or emitted during an electronic transition is related to the energy difference (ΔE) between the two energy levels involved in the transition:[14] خطأ رياضيات (اعرض بصيغة MathML إن أمكن (تحت التجريب): رد غير صحيح ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") من الخادم "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta E = h \nu. }
This is a direct consequence of the Planck–Einstein relation.
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ French & Taylor (1978), pp. 24, 55.
- ^ Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu & Laloë (1973/1977), pp. 10–11.
- ^ Kalckar 1985, p. 39.
- ^ أ ب Schwinger (2001), p. 203.
- ^ Landsberg (1978), p. 199.
- ^ Landé (1951), p. 12.
- ^ Griffiths, D. J. (1995), pp. 143, 216.
- ^ Griffiths, D. J. (1995), pp. 217, 312.
- ^ Weinberg (2013), pp. 24, 28, 31.
- ^ Weinberg (1995), p. 3.
- ^ Messiah (1958/1961), p. 14.
- ^ Cohen-Tannoudji, Diu & Laloë (1973/1977), p. 27.
- ^ Flowers et al. (n.d), 6.2 The Bohr Model
- ^ van der Waerden (1967), p. 5.
الببليوجرافيا المذكورة
- Cohen-Tannoudji, C., Diu, B., Laloë, F. (1973/1977). Quantum Mechanics, translated from the French by S.R. Hemley, N. Ostrowsky, D. Ostrowsky, second edition, volume 1, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0471164321.
- French, A.P., Taylor, E.F. (1978). An Introduction to Quantum Physics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London, ISBN 0-442-30770-5.
- Griffiths, D.J. (1995). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River NJ, ISBN 0-13-124405-1.
- Landé, A. (1951). Quantum Mechanics, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, London.
- Landsberg, P.T. (1978). Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 0-19-851142-6.
- Messiah, A. (1958/1961). Quantum Mechanics, volume 1, translated from the French by G.M. Temmer, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
- Schwinger, J. (2001). Quantum Mechanics: Symbolism of Atomic Measurements, edited by B.-G. Englert, Springer, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-41408-8.
- van der Waerden, B.L. (1967). Sources of Quantum Mechanics, edited with a historical introduction by B.L. van der Waerden, North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam.
- Weinberg, S. (1995). The Quantum Theory of Fields, volume 1, Foundations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 978-0-521-55001-7.
- Weinberg, S. (2013). Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 978-1-107-02872-2.