المعرفة

ون‌وب

(تم التحويل من OneWeb)

OneWeb (legally Network Access Associates Ltd)[7] is a global communications company building a capability to deliver broadband satellite internet services worldwide.[4][8] The company is headquartered in London, and has offices in California[9] and a satellite manufacturing facility in Florida – OneWeb Satellites – that is a joint venture with Airbus Defence and Space. The company was formerly known as WorldVu Satellites Ltd.[10][11]

OneWeb
النوعPrivate
الصناعةSatellite Internet access
السابقWorldVu Satellites
تأسست2012
المؤسسGreg Wyler[1][2][3]
المقر الرئيسيLondon, England, UK[4]
نطاق الخدمةWorldwide
الأشخاص الرئيسيون
Neil Masterson (CEO)[5]
المالكBharti Enterprises (38.6%)
UK Government (19.3%)
SoftBank (19.3%)
Eutelsat (19.3%)
Hughes Network Systems(2.6%) [6]
الموظفونDecrease ~80 (March 2020)
الشركات التابعةOneWeb Satellites
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.oneweb.net

The company was founded by Greg Wyler in 2012[1][2] and launched its first satellites in February 2019. It entered bankruptcy in March 2020 after failing to raise the requisite capital to complete the build and deployment of the remaining 90% of the network. The company emerged from the bankruptcy proceedings and reorganization in November 2020 with a new ownership group, led by the Government of the United Kingdom and Indian multinational company Bharti Global, each holding 42% of the company equity and board. OneWeb re-affirmed its intent to continue to build out the satellite constellation. SoftBank retained an equity holding of 12%.[5][12] As further investments are made to complete the first phase satellite deployments, the British Government and Bharti Global percentage shareholding will decline.[13]

OneWeb commenced launches of the OneWeb satellite constellation, a network of more than 650 low Earth orbit satellites, in February 2019,[14] and by May 2021, had launched 218 of the planned 648 satellites in the initial constellation. OneWeb's goal has been to provide internet services to "everyone, everywhere", delivering internet connections to rural and remote places as well as to a range of markets.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

History

 
OneWeb satellite manufacturing facility in Merritt Island, Florida.

The company was founded in 2012 under the name WorldVu,[11] and was based in Britain's Channel Islands.[15]


Pre-launch agreements and investments

In 2015, OneWeb secured US$500 million in funding, and agreed to purchase certain future launch services, from existing aerospace industry companies Arianespace and Virgin Galactic.[16][17] In June 2015, OneWeb also entered into a deal with Airbus Defence and Space for the construction of its broadband Internet satellites after a competition among American and European manufacturers.[18]

In July 2016, one year after the initial announcement, OneWeb stated they were on schedule.[19] In December 2016, OneWeb raised US$1 billion from SoftBank Group Corp. and US$200 million from existing investors.[20][21]

In February 2017, OneWeb announced that it expected to sell all of its capacity by launch time.[20] At the time, it had formally announced capacity sold for a joint Gogo and Intelsat venture.[20] OneWeb's founder and then executive chairman Greg Wyler announced he was considering nearly quadrupling the size of the satellite constellation by adding 1972 additional satellites that OneWeb had priority rights to.[20] With the original capital raise of US$500 million in 2015, plus the US$1 billion investment of SoftBank in 2016, previous "investors committed to an additional US$200 million, bringing OneWeb's total capital raised to US$1.7 billion".[20] A merger arrangement with Intelsat that had been in negotiations during May 2017 collapsed in June 2017 and did not go forward.[22]

Production facilities

By 2019, OneWeb had formed a joint venture, OneWeb Satellites, with the European company Airbus Defence and Space in order to manufacture its satellites in higher volume and at lower cost than any satellites previously built by Airbus. A manufacturing facility was built in Merritt Island, Florida. Initial satellite production at the new facility began in mid-2019 and by January 2020, the factory reached the target production rate of two satellites per day.[23]

First launches and additional investments

On 27 February 2019, OneWeb successfully launched its first six satellites into 1,200 km [24] low Earth orbit from the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana using a Soyuz-2 launch vehicle.[25] The same day OneWeb announced that it signed its first two client agreements marking the beginning of its commercialization.[26] On 18 March 2019, OneWeb announced it had secured US$1.25 billion in funding following a successful first launch. The funding was from existing investors SoftBank and Qualcomm, as well as Grupo Salinas and the Government of Rwanda.[27]

By August 2019, the company had 6 of its satellites broadcasting at the right frequencies for 90 days, meeting the "use-it-or-lose-it" spectrum conditions set by the United Nations' International Telecommunication Union (ITU).[28] This secured the vital rights OneWeb needed to operate its global satellite broadband network.[15]

In February and March 2020, the company launched an additional 68 satellites to orbit, stating that it would slow down for a minor design modification to be made before planning to launch again in May 2020.[23]

Bankruptcy

On 27 March 2020, OneWeb Global Limited and 18 affiliates filed for bankruptcy in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.[29][30][3] The company said the decision has been made because of the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[31] The company laid off approximately 85% of its approximately 500 employees, but retained the capability to control its operational satellites during the period of court protection.[31][30]

On 3 July 2020, a consortium led Bharti Global and the Government of the United Kingdom won the auction to purchase the bankrupt company.[32][33][34][35] The sale closed in November, allowing the company to exit Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[36]

Exit from bankruptcy protection

On 3 July 2020, the Government of the United Kingdom and Sunil Mittal's Bharti Global (formerly a partner of OneWeb) announced a joint plan to invest US$500 million each for equal stakes in OneWeb Global, approximately 42% each; the rest would be held by other creditors including Softbank. The UK government would also hold a golden share to give it control over any future sales.[33][37][12] The plan was approved by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York on 10 July 2020,[38] and the deal closed in November 2020, allowing OneWeb to exit Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

In July 2020, Hughes Network Systems invested US$50 million in the consortium.[39] The same month, the UK government stated an intention to repurpose the OneWeb satellites for its own Global Navigation Satellite System.[33][40]

Shortly after the July public announcement of the OneWeb sale, a letter from Sam Beckett, the leading civil servant in the UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), was released. In the letter, Beckett raised concerns that taxpayers' money could be at risk. The comments were made as part of a request for "ministerial direction", therefore it was required that the letter be made public and any concerns raised be formally overruled. BEIS minister Alok Sharma overrode the concerns and proceeded with the bid.[41]

On 21 September 2020, OneWeb announced that it was set to resume launching satellites for its global broadband network in December 2020 under a modified 16-launch contract with Arianespace.[42] The December payloads would ride to orbit aboard a Soyuz rocket and Fregat upper stage launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia, according to Arianespace, and additional satellites were to be launched later from Russia, Kazakhstan, and French Guiana.[42]

New CEO, launches accelerating

In November 2020, the company announced that Neil Masterson, formerly chief operating officer at media company Thomson Reuters, had been appointed CEO.[43] The company launched 36 additional satellites on 17 December 2020.[5] Furthermore, OneWeb announced plans to accelerate launches in 2021 so that the 650 satellites necessary for global coverage would be in orbit by 2022.[44]

2021

In January 2021, a further funding round raised $400 million from SoftBank and Hughes Network Systems, with SoftBank getting a director seat on OneWeb's board. This brought available funding to $1.4 billion, which "positions the company" to fund its first-generation fleet of 648 satellites, but would be insufficient to fund full deployment of the constellation by mid-2022. OneWeb chairman, Sunil Mittal, estimated about a further $1 billion is required, but did not anticipate difficulty in raising that.[12]

In April 2021, OneWeb launched its sixth batch of satellites to orbit. It comprised 36 units, bringing the total in-orbit constellation to 182.[45] In the same month, it was also reported that Eutelsat was putting £400M into the company, in return for a 24% equity stake.[46] Eutelsat's stake decreased to 19.3% when Bharti Global increased its holding in June 2021.[6]

In May 2021, OneWeb was asked by the UK Space Agency to lead a consortium of space companies working to develop a satellite that can beam hop, meaning it can change which part of the world it covers. The consortium includes SatixFy, Celestia UK, and Astroscale UK.[47] That same month, OneWeb announced plans to buy TrustComm, a U.S.-based managed satellite communications provider. After the purchase, the company became OneWeb’s government distribution partner.[48]

In May 2021, OneWeb's seventh launch took the number of satellites in orbit to 218, to create the second largest fleet behind Starlink.[49]

In June 2021, Oneweb raised an additional $500M from Bharti Global, increasing Bharti's holding to 38.6%.[50] In August 2021, Hanwha Systems invested $300 million to purchase an 8.8% share in OneWeb, enabling Hanwha to appoint one member of the board of directors and bring its own dual-use defense and satellite technology to the company.[51]

Intended markets

In March 2021, OneWeb stated its market will be primarily to businesses, governments including defence, phone network operators and clusters of communities, rather than to individual domestic customers which its competitor Starlink primarily targets.[52][53] The users willing to connect were advised to contact their local telecoms for additional info.[54]

Satellites

المقالة الرئيسية: OneWeb satellite constellation
 
Model of a OneWeb satellite

In 2016, OneWeb planned for a launch cadence of 30–36 satellites a month [55] to create an initial constellation of 650 satellites. The satellites operate in low Earth orbit (LEO).[56] Like existing LEO based communications satellite constellations, OneWeb's satellites are closer to Earth and will, therefore, provide much lower transmission delays than geostationary satellite broadband services.[28] As late as January 2020, OneWeb was still planning to provide 10 times the bandwidth and one-tenth of the latency of existing geostationary satellites.[57]

The first-generation satellites do not have inter-satellite data links, so will only provide a user service when also in the range of a gateway ground station, and will operate in 12 near polar orbit planes at 1,200 km (750 mi) altitude, at 86.4° orbital inclination. User service is in the Ku-band, and links to gateway ground stations are in the Ka-band.[58][59] OneWeb chose an altitude of 1,200 km because there is a minimum existing population of satellites and debris at that altitude.[56]

OneWeb's factory in Exploration Park on Merritt Island, Florida opened in July 2019, just outside the gates of NASA's Kennedy Space Center.[60][61] The factory is a joint venture with Airbus and has a production capacity of eight satellites per week.[62] The satellites will be programmed to detect the end of their life span after 5–7 years in orbit, and deorbit themselves from space so that they burn up in the atmosphere as they descend towards Earth.[61]


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Responsible space

In June 2019, OneWeb rolled out its initiative Responsible Space to outline the specific approaches it plans to take to promote sustainability and safe operations in space.[56] Responsible Space covers design and operational practices, including disposal of a satellite within 5 years of the end of its mission; developing an "ecosystem" within the space industry that supports sustainability; and collaboration with other space operators.[56] As one example, OneWeb plans to include a grapple fixture on its satellites so that a third-party satellite could grab it and tug it out of orbit, should the satellite prove non-responsive.[56]

References

  1. ^ أ ب "Podcast: The satellite boom that threatens to clog the skies". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 4 مايو 2020.
  2. ^ أ ب "Soyuz launches 34 OneWeb satellites". SpaceNews. 21 مارس 2020. Retrieved 4 مايو 2020.
  3. ^ أ ب Brodkin, Jon (30 مارس 2020). "OneWeb goes bankrupt, lays off staff, will sell satellite-broadband business". Ars Technica. Retrieved 4 مايو 2020.
  4. ^ أ ب OneWeb (8 مارس 2018). "OneWeb Finalizes Executive Team Appointments Leading Up to the Launch of Global Constellation and Services". PR Newswire. Retrieved 22 أبريل 2019.
  5. ^ أ ب ت "OneWeb emerges from Chapter 11 with new CEO". BBC News. 18 ديسمبر 2020. Retrieved 19 ديسمبر 2020.
  6. ^ أ ب "Bharti Global invests extra $500 million to take largest OneWeb stake". Space News. Retrieved 6 يوليو 2021.
  7. ^ "Privacy Policy". OneWeb World. Retrieved 20 يناير 2021.
  8. ^ "£18m for OneWeb satellite constellation to deliver global communications". UK Space Agency. 18 فبراير 2019.
  9. ^ Yamazaki, Makiko (19 ديسمبر 2016). "SoftBank to invest US$1 billion in U.S. venture OneWeb as part of US$50 billion pledge". Reuters. Retrieved 28 مارس 2020.
  10. ^ de Selding, Peter B. (15 يناير 2015). "Virgin, Qualcomm Invest in OneWeb Satellite Internet Venture". SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 فبراير 2018.
  11. ^ أ ب "OneWeb Announces Plans to Launch a New Satellite Constellation to Bring High-Speed Internet to Underserved Areas Around the World". PR Newswire. 15 يناير 2015. Retrieved 15 فبراير 2018.
  12. ^ أ ب ت Foust, Jeff (15 يناير 2021). "OneWeb raises $400 million". SpaceNews. Retrieved 25 فبراير 2021.
  13. ^ Coates, Sam (21 مارس 2021). " OneWeb: Dominic Cummings and the £400m public bailout to rescue an imperilled satellite internet firm". Sky News. Retrieved 22 مارس 2021.
  14. ^ Hanneke, Weitering (27 فبراير 2019). "Soyuz Rocket Will Launch the 1st OneWeb Satellites Today". Space.com. Retrieved 27 فبراير 2019.
  15. ^ أ ب de Selding, Peter B. (3 سبتمبر 2014). "WorldVu, a Satellite Startup Aiming To Provide Global Internet Connectivity, Continues To Grow Absent Clear Google Relationship". SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 فبراير 2018.
  16. ^ Boyle, Alan (25 يونيو 2015). "OneWeb Wins US$500 Million in Backing for Internet Satellite Network". NBC News. Retrieved 8 فبراير 2016.
  17. ^ de Selding, Peter B. (30 مايو 2014). "Google-backed Global Broadband Venture Secures Spectrum for Satellite Network". SpaceNews. Retrieved 8 فبراير 2016.
  18. ^ Clark, Stephen. "OneWeb selects Airbus to build 900 Internet satellites". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 8 فبراير 2016.
  19. ^ de Selding, Peter B. (6 يوليو 2016). "One year after kickoff, OneWeb says its 700-satellite constellation is on schedule". SpaceNews. Retrieved 28 مارس 2020.
  20. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Pultarova, Tereza (24 فبراير 2017). "OneWeb weighing 2,000 more satellites". SpaceNews. Retrieved 23 أبريل 2018.
  21. ^ Weir, Keith. "SoftBank to invest US$1 billion in U.S. satellite venture OneWeb". Reuters. Retrieved 19 ديسمبر 2016.
  22. ^ Henry, Caleb (1 يونيو 2017). "OneWeb says no steam lost despite Intelsat merger unravelling". SpaceNews. Retrieved 23 أبريل 2018.
  23. ^ أ ب Henry, Caleb (6 فبراير 2020). "OneWeb plans April launch break to tweak satellite design". SpaceNews. Retrieved 23 مارس 2020.
  24. ^ "OneWeb - Satellite Missions". directory.eoportal.org. Retrieved 23 أكتوبر 2020.
  25. ^ "OneWeb makes history as first launch mission is a success". OneWeb. 28 فبراير 2019. Archived from the original on 15 مايو 2019. Retrieved 28 فبراير 2019.
  26. ^ "OneWeb Announces First Two Client Agreements - Start of Commercial Network Commercialisation". OneWeb. 27 فبراير 2019. Archived from the original on 12 مايو 2019. Retrieved 27 فبراير 2019.
  27. ^ Vance, Ashlee (18 مارس 2019). "OneWeb Raises Fresh US$1.25 Billion for Internet System From Space". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 مارس 2020.
  28. ^ أ ب Seal, Thomas (7 أغسطس 2019). "OneWeb Claims a Win in Internet Space Race Against Musk and Bezos". Bloomberg. Retrieved 12 نوفمبر 2019.
  29. ^ Clark, Stephen (30 مارس 2020). "OneWeb files for bankruptcy". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 30 مارس 2020.
  30. ^ أ ب Oberhaus, Daniel (27 مارس 2020). "SpaceX Competitor OneWeb Is Reportedly Bankrupt". Wired. Retrieved 28 مارس 2020.
  31. ^ أ ب Henry, Caleb (27 مارس 2020). "OneWeb files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy". SpaceNews. Retrieved 28 مارس 2020.
  32. ^ "Sunil Mittal's Bharti Global, UK govt win bid for bankrupt satellite firm OneWeb". businesstoday.in. Retrieved 3 يوليو 2020.
  33. ^ أ ب ت "UK government takes £400 million stake in satellite firm OneWeb". BBC News. 3 يوليو 2020.
  34. ^ O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "U.K. Government Wins Controversial Bid For Bankrupt Mega Constellation Firm OneWeb". Forbes. Retrieved 3 يوليو 2020.
  35. ^ "Press release: UK government to acquire cutting-edge satellite network". gov.uk. Cabinet Office Government Digital Service. 3 يوليو 2020. Retrieved 3 يوليو 2020.
  36. ^ "OneWeb emerges from Chapter 11 with new CEO". SpaceNews (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 20 نوفمبر 2020. Retrieved 30 يونيو 2021.
  37. ^ "UK to enter satellite race after winning bid for OneWeb". Financial Times. 3 يوليو 2020.
  38. ^ Amos, Jonathan (10 يوليو 2020). "OneWeb sale to UK-Bharti group gets court approval". BBC News. Retrieved 30 يوليو 2020.
  39. ^ "Hughes to invest US$50 million in Bharti-UK consortium for OneWeb". thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 29 يوليو 2020.
  40. ^ Diver, Tony (25 سبتمبر 2020). "Britain scraps satellite programme designed to replace Galileo after Brexit". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 سبتمبر 2020.
  41. ^ "Minister overrode warning about "risky" OneWeb bid". BBC News. 22 يوليو 2020. Retrieved 4 أكتوبر 2020.
  42. ^ أ ب "OneWeb to resume launches in December after bankruptcy". Spaceflight Now. 22 سبتمبر 2020. Retrieved 24 سبتمبر 2020.
  43. ^ "OneWeb satellite company launches into new era". BBC News (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). 18 ديسمبر 2020. Retrieved 30 يونيو 2021.
  44. ^ Hollinger, Peggy (22 نوفمبر 2020). "UK government buys chunk of bankrupt Starlink competitor, OneWeb". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 نوفمبر 2020 – via Ars Technica.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  45. ^ Amos, Jonathan (26 أبريل 2021). "OneWeb launches sixth batch of internet satellites". BBC News (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 27 أبريل 2021.
  46. ^ Amos, Jonathan (27 أبريل 2021). "OneWeb receives major investment from Eutelsat". BBC News (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 28 أبريل 2021.
  47. ^ "OneWeb to Lead Beam-Hopping Satellite Project Funded by UK - Via Satellite -". Via Satellite (in الإنجليزية). 24 مايو 2021. Retrieved 13 أغسطس 2021.
  48. ^ "OneWeb creating government subsidiary after buying TrustComm". SpaceNews (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 10 مايو 2021. Retrieved 13 أغسطس 2021.
  49. ^ "Arianespace launches 36 OneWeb internet satellites on Soyuz rocket". Space.com (in الإنجليزية). 28 مايو 2021. Retrieved 20 أغسطس 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ^ "OneWeb fully-funded with new $500m investment. Secures $2.4bn in total funding | OneWeb". www.oneweb.world (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 30 يونيو 2021.
  51. ^ "Korea's Hanwha Systems invests $300 million in Bharti-backed OneWeb for 8.8% share". ET Telecom (in الإنجليزية). 12 أغسطس 2021. Retrieved 12 أغسطس 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  52. ^ The Satellite Business. The Bottom Line. Interviewed by Davis, Evan. BBC Radio 4. 4 مارس 2021. Event occurs at 16m30s. Retrieved 6 مارس 2021. Chris McLaughlin (OneWeb): So it is going to be price sensitive so I think a lot of what happens in LEO will be both a function of government and of defence needs, and also of connectivity for network operators, so I am not certain in OneWeb's case we will be primarily focused on broadband to every individual but rather to businesses and governments and to clusters of communities.
  53. ^ Sheetz, Michael (29 مارس 2021). "OneWeb CEO: Here's why our product is different than Elon Musk's SpaceX Starlink". CNBC News. Retrieved 10 أبريل 2021.
  54. ^ {cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vi6yAVdyVzk |publisher=OneWev |date=28 May 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |time=36m17s |quote =It's simple: just ask your preffered local telecom operator... We are working with local telecom operators, who invest locally,.. so that we can connect users at scale.}}
  55. ^ Henry, Caleb (17 سبتمبر 2019). "LEO constellation operators OneWeb, Iridium announce collaboration". SpaceNews. Retrieved 20 ديسمبر 2019.
  56. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Foust, Jeff (3 سبتمبر 2019). "Can satellite megaconstellations be responsible users of space?". SpaceNews. Retrieved 22 نوفمبر 2019.
  57. ^ Mathieson, S.A. (29 مايو 2019). "Norway's autonomous ships point to new horizons". ComputerWeekly. Retrieved 2 يناير 2020.
  58. ^ Mohney, Doug (7 أكتوبر 2019). "OneWeb talks satellite broadband speeds, constellation configs". Space IT Bridge. Retrieved 6 مارس 2021.
  59. ^ del Portillo, Inigo; Cameron, Bruce G.; Crawley, Edward F. (1 أكتوبر 2018). "A Technical Comparison of Three Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellation Systems to Provide Global Broadband" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. IAC-18-B2.1.7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 فبراير 2021.
  60. ^ Clark, Stephen (17 مارس 2020). "Soyuz launch preps in Kazakhstan proceed despite travel restrictions". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 18 مارس 2020.
  61. ^ أ ب Saleh, Malak (29 يوليو 2019). "OneWeb Satellites Opens 85 m Production Facility". Orlando Business Journal. Retrieved 10 يناير 2020.
  62. ^ "OneWeb's satellite plant returns to full-scale production". UPI. Retrieved 2 ديسمبر 2020.

External links

قالب:Bharti Enterprises

تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=ون‌وب&oldid=2367621"